Mid Term 2 section 2

Question 1

Language Shift

Answer 1

languages with fewer speakers and those with less power are being abandoned in favor of more powerful languages or economic opportunities.

Question 2

Extinct Languages

Answer 2

when no one speaks the language (no natives, no records)

Question 3

Dead Languages

Answer 3

language has no more native speakers, language is still prevalent but needed to be sought out to acquire.

Question 4

Critically Endangered Languages

Answer 4

spoken by few members of the oldest generation

Question 5

Definitely Endangered

Answer 5

language not spoken by children

Question 6

Vulnerable Languages

Answer 6

not spoken by children outside of the home

Question 7

Safe Languages

Answer 7

intergenerational transfer of the language

Question 8

Intergenerational Transfer

Answer 8

parents teaching their children the language

Question 9

Causes of Language Death

Answer 9

natural disasters, famine, disease; war and genocide; political repression; economic, political and cultural marginalization

Question 10

Economic Marginalization

Answer 10

when poverty leads people to migrate towards cities and other countries, thus dispersing speakers

Question 11

Political Marginalization

Answer 11

education and political activity is carried out exclusively in a majority language

Question 12

Cultural Marginalization

Answer 12

when one language is considered superior to others and attains a dominant position in a country

Question 13

Language Revitalization

Answer 13

promoting education and literacy in minority languages; legislation aimed at protecting and stabilizing minority language

Question 14

Language Preservation

Answer 14

the recording of languages before they become extinct

Question 15

English Vernaculars

Answer 15

native dialects of specific populations (ex: California english)

Question 16

English Language Complex

Answer 16

Indigenized variety spoken mainly as second language in ex-colonies with multilingual populations (ex: Indian English, Nigerian English)

Question 17

Language Loss

Answer 17

when a speaker loses their first native language

Question 18

Seven Levels of Language

Answer 18

Level 1: English (world’s primary language)
Level 2: Chinese, Spanish, Hindu-Urdu
Level 3: Arabic, French, German, Japanese, Malay
Level 4: significant nationally or regionally
Level 5: locally and socially strong
Level 6: small and (perhaps) managing
Level 7: extremely small and endangered