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Mid Term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four fields of anthropology?

A

archaeology
biological (or physical) anthropology
cultural (or social) anthropology
linguistic anthropology

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2
Q

Archeology

A

the study of ancient and recent human cultures
through material remains

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3
Q

Biological anthropology

A

study of humankind from a biological perspective
focus on genetic inheritance, primates, and hominins to
understand human biology and behavior
biological perspective to human variation

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4
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

studies beliefs and behaviors across cultures

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5
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

concern with understanding language and its
relation to culture
focus on how people use language to communicate, create
identities, and accomplish goals

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6
Q

Cultural relativism

A

ethic and moral stance understanding each cultures are valid in their own right and are not unworthy.

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7
Q

Intonation

A

rhythm, stress, and ups and downs in pitch that
accompany ordinary spoken language
used simultaneously with spoken language
reveals attitudes and emotions of the speaker

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8
Q

Gesticulation

A

the way we wave our arms and shape our hands
as we speak.
Used simultaneously with spoken words and sentences
differs from quotable gestures and sign language

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9
Q

Language

A

system of sounds, words, and sentences
a range of communicative behavior
spoken language, signed languages, written language, and
electronic communication, conventional, voluntary control, immediacy and displacement

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10
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

all humans have a “language instinct”
genetic inheritance provides us with the capacity to learn
languages
argued against “blank slate” theory
universal human mind

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11
Q

Digital Communication

A

discrete and sharp boundaries finite number of states, associated with written and spoken language

ex: “I am cold” “I am angry”

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12
Q

Analog Communication

A

graded and not distinct, can be up to interpretation, lack of contrast

ex: goosebumps sweat

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13
Q

Syntax

A

word order

ex: subject, verb, object
subject, object, verb

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14
Q

Displacement

A

things in distinct space or time, past and future emotions and ideas, imaginary things

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15
Q

Productivity

A

“this tree is very very very old”
“John i my great great great grandfather”

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16
Q

Quotable gestures

A

emblems, digital communication, conventional and arbitrary, incorporated into sign languages

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17
Q

Quotable vocalizations

A

meaningful noises, digital communication, consistent sounds and meanings

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18
Q

language instinct

A

term coined by Noam Chomsky, all humans have the capacity to learn a language

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19
Q

Gesture calls

A

analog communication, nonverbal: gestures, facial expressions, vocalizations, posture, bodily moments, expresses emotions and intentions

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20
Q

Immediacy

A

present state of emotions and intentions

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21
Q

Paralinguistic cues (features)

A

nonverbal communication, support language: quotable gestures quotable vocalizations, gesticulation, intonation

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22
Q

Franz Boas

A

Anthropologist, German born physicist and geographer,founded cultural and linguistic relativism

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23
Q

Linguistic relativism

A

each language had to be studied in and for itself, no such thing as a primitive language

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24
Q

Deaf signing

A

language, digital communication, directs language through the hands and in through the eyes, contrasting hand shapes, locations, orientations and motions of the hands and arms join to form signed words, differ from one part of the word to another

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25
Field linguistics
interested in describing the formal characteristics of the language, informants teach linguists their native language (elicitation kits and questionnaires)
26
Ethnography
methods used to collect data, written product of field work
27
Tools used
tape recorder, written field notes, video camera, ethnographer
28
Participant observation
long term fieldwork; being there, community oriented, attention to speech in practice, either passive or complete
29
Interviews
access (asking) cultural models, personal histories background cultural information, reflections on language rather than how language is used
30
Inscription
creates representation of the ephemeral things we are observing (ex: field notes, maps, photographs, audio and video recordings)
31
Transcription
written representation of speech
32
Ethnography of communication
language use in relation to cultural values and beliefs, social institutions and forms, roles and personalities and history
33
Emic perspectives
Insider pov
34
Speech event
culturally meaningful activity with particular rules and expectations for language use (ex: lectures, asking for directions, "getting to know you", asking for permission)
35
SPEAKING model
S: setting P: participants E: ends A: act sequence K: key (tone, manner, spirit) I: instrumentalities N: norms G: genre
36
Speech community
any human aggregate characterized by regular and frequent interaction by means of a shared body of language- shared language use, rules of speaking and interpretations,attitudes and values regarding language use, socio-cultural understandings with regard to speech (ex: nation, regional dialects, technical talk, colleges, groups of friends)
37
Dialectal variation
variants used by certain groups that are different from those used by other groups within the same broader cultural environment (ex: geographical variation)
38
Dialects
distribution of colloquial forms of language in societies
39
Superposed variation
variants used in different activities carried on by the same group- social variation, dependent on social situation, communicative resource, homogeneous social environments have less variety
40
Special parlances
occupational, specialized minority groups, craft jargons (hobbyists), cryptolects
41
Verbal repertoires
the totality of dialectal and superposed variants regularly employed within a community
42
Literary languages
Latin, Sanskrit, Arabic (prestigious, urban centers and administrative languages, codified through dictionaries and public school systems)
43
Focal areas
centers of innovation (new accent)
44
Relic zones
old forms are still current (old accent)
45
Transition zones
coexistence of linguistic forms Old language to the new modern form of language
46
Passive participation
observing
47
Complete participation
apart of the community
48
Cultural (communicative) competence
what to say and how to appropriately say it in any given situation
49
Questionaires
questions to discuss when observing
50
Cryptolects
secret languages
51
Phonology
the study of sounds and their distribution within particular languages and language varieties
52
Phoneme
the smallest unit of sound, abstract, only meaningful in organized combinations (ex: C-A-T; C-AUGH-T)
53
Phonetics
the description and analysis of every possible human speech sound
54
Consonants
voicing, place of articulation, manner of articulation
55
Voicing
channeling air through vocal apparatus, vibration in the throat (b,g,d,z)
56
Place of articulation
where the word is voiced in the mouth
57
Bilabial
/b/ two lips together
58
Labiodental
/v/ lower lips against front teeth
59
Interdental
/th/ tongue between teeth
60
Alveolar
/t/ /d/ tongue on alveolar ridge
61
Post-alveolar
/zh/ /sh/ tongue behind alveolar ridge
62
Palatal
/y/ tongue on hard palate
63
Glottal
/h/ epiglottis
64
Velar
/k/ /g/ /ng/ tongue near soft palate
65
Manner of articulation
how air is passed through vocal tract
66
Plosive
air is completely stopped from flowing, vocal tract is closed and then released in a burst (p,b,t,d,k,g)
67
Fricative
partial blockage of vocal tract so that air is forced through a narrow channel (s,z,f,v)
68
Affricative
a plosive + a fricative stop followed by release of air through narrow channels (ch,j)
69
Nasals
block airflow through mouth and let air pass through nose (m,n,ng)
70
Liquids
laterals and retroflex
71
Laterals
/l/ tongue blocks middle of the mouth so that air has to pass around the sides
72
Retroflex
/r/ tip of the tongue curled up toward hard palate
73
Vowels
open flow of air, voiced (diphthongs and allophones)
74
Quality
how the vowel sounds tongue: front "sit" central "father" back "look" vocal fry (strain of vowels that effect the voice)
75
Quantity
how long vowel is sounded stress within word, phrases and sentences rack vs rag, shout vs shroud, neat vs need (often unrecognized variation of regional accents)
76
Diphthong
single vowels combine with the semivowels /oy/,/ay,/aw/
77
Allophones
families of the same sound "st/o/p, "p/o/t" "c/a/ke, "sk/a/te"
78
Morpheme
Smallest independently meaningful unit of language, most words constructed through multiple morphemes (ex: unkind- un+kind, distrustfulness- dis+trust+ful+ness)
79
Morphology
the study of the form of words
80
Free morphemes
stand alone (all words, conjunctions) words can be made of multiple free morphemes (ex: car, kick, toad, board, foreground, brainstorm, kickboard)
81
Bound morphemes
must attach to free morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes) prefixes- pre,re,dis suffixes- ing, ment,ful infixes- in the middle of the word aboso-fucking-lutely
82
Clitics
bound morphemes that are functionally independent Ex: I('m), you('re), Bob('s)
83
Inflectional morphemes
don't change the word's meaning or class (noun, verb, adjective) -plural: plays - possessive: play’s -third-person singular: plays -past tense: played -present participle: playing -comparative and -superlative: prettiest, prettier
84
Derivational morpheme
can change a word's class (ex: -al,-ment,ish,un-,ly) govern -> government (verb to noun) book -> bookish (noun to adjective)
85
Immediate Constituent Analysis
breaks down longer phrases or sentences into constituent parts ex: ungentlemanly -> un+gentle+man+ly the old man hit the muddy ball -> (the old man)+ (hit)+ (the muddy ball)
86
Linguistic determinism
our language determines how we see the world
87
Linguistic relativity
● Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis ○ the language you speak influences how you experience the world ○ people act about situations in ways which are like the ways they talk about them
88
Benjamin Whorf
● insurance inspector ○ argued in our ordinary, habitual ways of thinking and acting, we tend to follow patterns established by our language
89
English habitual thought
● a world of things, substance, and matter ○ treat time as a commodity ○ separate things and their forms
90
Hopi habitual thought
[English or Hopi] ● a world of events ○ preparing, announcing, participating in events
91
Objectified
● no distinction between physical and imaginary entities ○ imaginary things (e.g., time, space) are treated like physical things ○ “a length of time,” “grasping an argument”
92
Mass nouns
denote indefiniteness, lack plural ● use names of body-types ○ stick of butter, piece of cloth, pane of glass, bar of soap ● introduce name of containers ○ glass of water, cup of coffee, bag of flour, bottle of beer
93
Binomial formula
● splits references to a formless item plus a form ○ a carton + of + milk
94
Temporals
English temporals ● pluralized and numerated like nouns of physical objects ○ summer, winter, September, morning, noon, sunset Hopi temporals ● adverbs ○ expresses a relationship between places, times, qualities Hopi temporals (cont.) ● ‘morning’ → ‘when it is morning’ or ‘when the morning phase is occurring’ ● ‘it is a hot summer’ → summer is when conditions are hot or when heat occurs
95
Tensors
Tensors ● class of words that denotes only intensity, tendency, duration, and sequence
96
Linear thinking (English)
● linear thinking ○ line between material and metaphorical points ● lines not only connect but moves from point to point ○ happiness comes from moving along an envisioned line leading to a desired end
97
Nonlinear thinking (Kilivila)
●experience reality in a nonlinear pattern ○ no chronological sequence ○ no distinctions between past, present, and future tenses ● repetition is positively valued ● change is negatively valued ○ esthetic validity, and dignity come from exact identity with all past Trobriand experience and all mythic experience
98
Cardinal numbers
natural numbers used to measure a set (1, 2, 3)
99
Etic perspective
Outsider pov

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