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Language > Mid Term 1 > Flashcards

Mid Term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four fields of anthropology?

A

archaeology
biological (or physical) anthropology
cultural (or social) anthropology
linguistic anthropology

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2
Q

Archeology

A

the study of ancient and recent human cultures
through material remains

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3
Q

Biological anthropology

A

study of humankind from a biological perspective
focus on genetic inheritance, primates, and hominins to
understand human biology and behavior
biological perspective to human variation

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4
Q

Cultural Anthropology

A

studies beliefs and behaviors across cultures

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5
Q

Linguistic Anthropology

A

concern with understanding language and its
relation to culture
focus on how people use language to communicate, create
identities, and accomplish goals

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6
Q

Cultural relativism

A

ethic and moral stance understanding each cultures are valid in their own right and are not unworthy.

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7
Q

Intonation

A

rhythm, stress, and ups and downs in pitch that
accompany ordinary spoken language
used simultaneously with spoken language
reveals attitudes and emotions of the speaker

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8
Q

Gesticulation

A

the way we wave our arms and shape our hands
as we speak.
Used simultaneously with spoken words and sentences
differs from quotable gestures and sign language

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9
Q

Language

A

system of sounds, words, and sentences
a range of communicative behavior
spoken language, signed languages, written language, and
electronic communication, conventional, voluntary control, immediacy and displacement

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10
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

all humans have a “language instinct”
genetic inheritance provides us with the capacity to learn
languages
argued against “blank slate” theory
universal human mind

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11
Q

Digital Communication

A

discrete and sharp boundaries finite number of states, associated with written and spoken language

ex: “I am cold” “I am angry”

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12
Q

Analog Communication

A

graded and not distinct, can be up to interpretation, lack of contrast

ex: goosebumps sweat

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13
Q

Syntax

A

word order

ex: subject, verb, object
subject, object, verb

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14
Q

Displacement

A

things in distinct space or time, past and future emotions and ideas, imaginary things

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15
Q

Productivity

A

“this tree is very very very old”
“John i my great great great grandfather”

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16
Q

Quotable gestures

A

emblems, digital communication, conventional and arbitrary, incorporated into sign languages

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17
Q

Quotable vocalizations

A

meaningful noises, digital communication, consistent sounds and meanings

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18
Q

language instinct

A

term coined by Noam Chomsky, all humans have the capacity to learn a language

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19
Q

Gesture calls

A

analog communication, nonverbal: gestures, facial expressions, vocalizations, posture, bodily moments, expresses emotions and intentions

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20
Q

Immediacy

A

present state of emotions and intentions

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21
Q

Paralinguistic cues (features)

A

nonverbal communication, support language: quotable gestures quotable vocalizations, gesticulation, intonation

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22
Q

Franz Boas

A

Anthropologist, German born physicist and geographer,founded cultural and linguistic relativism

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23
Q

Linguistic relativism

A

each language had to be studied in and for itself, no such thing as a primitive language

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24
Q

Deaf signing

A

language, digital communication, directs language through the hands and in through the eyes, contrasting hand shapes, locations, orientations and motions of the hands and arms join to form signed words, differ from one part of the word to another

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25
Q

Field linguistics

A

interested in describing the formal characteristics of the language, informants teach linguists their native language (elicitation kits and questionnaires)

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26
Q

Ethnography

A

methods used to collect data, written product of field work

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27
Q

Tools used

A

tape recorder, written field notes, video camera, ethnographer

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28
Q

Participant observation

A

long term fieldwork; being there, community oriented, attention to speech in practice, either passive or complete

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29
Q

Interviews

A

access (asking) cultural models, personal histories background cultural information, reflections on language rather than how language is used

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30
Q

Inscription

A

creates representation of the ephemeral things we are observing (ex: field notes, maps, photographs, audio and video recordings)

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31
Q

Transcription

A

written representation of speech

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32
Q

Ethnography of communication

A

language use in relation to cultural values and beliefs, social institutions and forms, roles and personalities and history

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33
Q

Emic perspectives

A

Insider pov

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34
Q

Speech event

A

culturally meaningful activity with particular rules and expectations for language use
(ex: lectures, asking for directions, “getting to know you”, asking for permission)

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35
Q

SPEAKING model

A

S: setting P: participants E: ends A: act sequence K: key (tone, manner, spirit) I: instrumentalities N: norms G: genre

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36
Q

Speech community

A

any human aggregate characterized by regular and
frequent interaction by means of a shared body of
language- shared language use, rules of speaking and interpretations,attitudes and values regarding language use, socio-cultural understandings with regard to
speech
(ex: nation, regional dialects, technical talk, colleges, groups of friends)

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37
Q

Dialectal variation

A

variants used by certain groups that are different from those used by other groups within the same broader cultural environment (ex: geographical variation)

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38
Q

Dialects

A

distribution of colloquial forms of language in societies

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39
Q

Superposed variation

A

variants used in different activities carried on by the same group- social variation, dependent on social situation, communicative resource, homogeneous social environments have less variety

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40
Q

Special parlances

A

occupational, specialized minority groups, craft jargons (hobbyists), cryptolects

41
Q

Verbal repertoires

A

the totality of dialectal and superposed variants regularly employed within a community

42
Q

Literary languages

A

Latin, Sanskrit, Arabic
(prestigious, urban centers and administrative languages, codified through dictionaries and public school systems)

43
Q

Focal areas

A

centers of innovation (new accent)

44
Q

Relic zones

A

old forms are still current (old accent)

45
Q

Transition zones

A

coexistence of linguistic forms
Old language to the new modern form of language

46
Q

Passive participation

A

observing

47
Q

Complete participation

A

apart of the community

48
Q

Cultural (communicative) competence

A

what to say and how to appropriately say it in any given situation

49
Q

Questionaires

A

questions to discuss when observing

50
Q

Cryptolects

A

secret languages

51
Q

Phonology

A

the study of sounds and their distribution within particular languages and language varieties

52
Q

Phoneme

A

the smallest unit of sound, abstract, only meaningful in organized combinations
(ex: C-A-T; C-AUGH-T)

53
Q

Phonetics

A

the description and analysis of every possible human speech sound

54
Q

Consonants

A

voicing, place of articulation, manner of articulation

55
Q

Voicing

A

channeling air through vocal apparatus, vibration in the throat (b,g,d,z)

56
Q

Place of articulation

A

where the word is voiced in the mouth

57
Q

Bilabial

A

/b/ two lips together

58
Q

Labiodental

A

/v/ lower lips against front teeth

59
Q

Interdental

A

/th/ tongue between teeth

60
Q

Alveolar

A

/t/ /d/ tongue on alveolar ridge

61
Q

Post-alveolar

A

/zh/ /sh/ tongue behind alveolar ridge

62
Q

Palatal

A

/y/ tongue on hard palate

63
Q

Glottal

A

/h/ epiglottis

64
Q

Velar

A

/k/ /g/ /ng/ tongue near soft palate

65
Q

Manner of articulation

A

how air is passed through vocal tract

66
Q

Plosive

A

air is completely stopped from flowing, vocal tract is closed and then released in a burst (p,b,t,d,k,g)

67
Q

Fricative

A

partial blockage of vocal tract so that air is forced through a narrow channel (s,z,f,v)

68
Q

Affricative

A

a plosive + a fricative
stop followed by release of air through narrow channels
(ch,j)

69
Q

Nasals

A

block airflow through mouth and let air pass through nose (m,n,ng)

70
Q

Liquids

A

laterals and retroflex

71
Q

Laterals

A

/l/ tongue blocks middle of the mouth so that air has to pass around the sides

72
Q

Retroflex

A

/r/ tip of the tongue curled up toward hard palate

73
Q

Vowels

A

open flow of air, voiced (diphthongs and allophones)

74
Q

Quality

A

how the vowel sounds
tongue: front “sit” central “father” back “look”
vocal fry (strain of vowels that effect the voice)

75
Q

Quantity

A

how long vowel is sounded stress within word, phrases and sentences
rack vs rag, shout vs shroud, neat vs need
(often unrecognized variation of regional accents)

76
Q

Diphthong

A

single vowels combine with the semivowels
/oy/,/ay,/aw/

77
Q

Allophones

A

families of the same sound
“st/o/p, “p/o/t”
“c/a/ke, “sk/a/te”

78
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest independently meaningful unit of language, most words constructed through multiple morphemes
(ex: unkind- un+kind, distrustfulness- dis+trust+ful+ness)

79
Q

Morphology

A

the study of the form of words

80
Q

Free morphemes

A

stand alone (all words, conjunctions) words can be made of multiple free
morphemes
(ex: car, kick, toad, board, foreground, brainstorm, kickboard)

81
Q

Bound morphemes

A

must attach to free morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes)
prefixes- pre,re,dis
suffixes- ing, ment,ful
infixes- in the middle of the word
aboso-fucking-lutely

82
Q

Clitics

A

bound morphemes that are functionally independent
Ex: I(‘m), you(‘re), Bob(‘s)

83
Q

Inflectional morphemes

A

don’t change the word’s meaning or class (noun, verb, adjective)
-plural: plays
- possessive: play’s
-third-person singular: plays
-past tense: played
-present participle: playing
-comparative and
-superlative: prettiest, prettier

84
Q

Derivational morpheme

A

can change a word’s class (ex: -al,-ment,ish,un-,ly)

govern -> government (verb to noun)
book -> bookish (noun to adjective)

85
Q

Immediate Constituent Analysis

A

breaks down longer phrases or sentences into constituent parts

ex: ungentlemanly -> un+gentle+man+ly

the old man hit the muddy ball -> (the old man)+ (hit)+ (the muddy ball)

86
Q

Linguistic determinism

A

our language determines how we see the world

87
Q

Linguistic relativity

A

● Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
○ the language you speak influences how you experience the
world
○ people act about situations in ways which are like the ways
they talk about them

88
Q

Benjamin Whorf

A

● insurance inspector
○ argued in our ordinary, habitual ways
of thinking and acting, we tend to follow
patterns established by our language

89
Q

English habitual thought

A

● a world of things, substance, and matter
○ treat time as a commodity
○ separate things and their forms

90
Q

Hopi habitual thought

A

[English or Hopi]
● a world of events
○ preparing, announcing, participating in events

91
Q

Objectified

A

● no distinction between physical and imaginary
entities
○ imaginary things (e.g., time, space) are treated like physical
things
○ “a length of time,” “grasping an argument”

92
Q

Mass nouns

A

denote indefiniteness, lack plural
● use names of body-types
○ stick of butter, piece of cloth, pane of glass, bar of soap
● introduce name of containers
○ glass of water, cup of coffee, bag of flour, bottle of beer

93
Q

Binomial formula

A

● splits references to a formless item plus a form
○ a carton + of + milk

94
Q

Temporals

A

English temporals
● pluralized and numerated like nouns of physical
objects
○ summer, winter, September, morning, noon, sunset
Hopi temporals
● adverbs
○ expresses a relationship between places, times, qualities
Hopi temporals (cont.)
● ‘morning’ → ‘when it is morning’ or ‘when the
morning phase is occurring’
● ‘it is a hot summer’ → summer is when conditions
are hot or when heat occurs

95
Q

Tensors

A

Tensors
● class of words that denotes only intensity,
tendency, duration, and sequence

96
Q

Linear thinking (English)

A

● linear thinking
○ line between material and metaphorical points

● lines not only connect but moves from point to
point
○ happiness comes from moving along an envisioned line
leading to a desired end

97
Q

Nonlinear thinking (Kilivila)

A

●experience reality in a nonlinear pattern
○ no chronological sequence
○ no distinctions between past, present, and future tenses
● repetition is positively valued
● change is negatively valued
○ esthetic validity, and dignity come from exact identity with all
past Trobriand experience and all mythic experience

98
Q

Cardinal numbers

A

natural numbers used to measure a set (1, 2, 3)

99
Q

Etic perspective

A

Outsider pov

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