Final section 1 Flashcards
Language ideologies
set of beliefs about language articulated by users as a justification of perceived language structure or use
Ideology
a system of beliefs characteristic of a particular class or group
British English
pompous and antiquated with class distinctions
American English
de facto standard language, reflect principles of rational analogy and uniformity, tied to American identity
Assimilation
“one nation-one language”, a common language is necessary for national unity and economic productivity
Minority Languages
native american, sign language, foreign languages
Native American Languages
public attitudes viewed foreign and minority languages as hostile, forcing native Americans to speak English by boarding schools and and english only classrooms
The Merian Report (1928)
criticized the practice of breaking up families and boarding schools and recognized English-only policy as counterproductive socially, educationally, and culturally
Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
self-determination and cultural pluralism and recognized the rights of tribes to use native American languages as a medium of instruction in federally funded schools.
Deafness
prior to 19th century: believed to be an affliction that isolated the deaf from religion and prayer
after the Civil War: social condition isolating groups from the nation as a whole, divisions or particularisms with national were seen as dangerous and ought to be suppressed.
Thomas Gallaudet (1817)
evangelical minister who used sign language to teach religion
Sign Language
seen as “clannish” and treated as a foreign language, sign language is seen as less intelligent or a lower form of communication
Manualism
the use of sign language as a means of communication
Language and Education of the Deaf (1966)
anger and frustration at their failure in language due to oral instruction and shows that deaf children were more likely to drop out of school
Oralism
focused instruction on the goal of using spoken language
