Final section 1

Question 1

Language ideologies

Answer 1

set of beliefs about language articulated by users as a justification of perceived language structure or use

Question 2

Ideology

Answer 2

a system of beliefs characteristic of a particular class or group

Question 3

British English

Answer 3

pompous and antiquated with class distinctions

Question 4

American English

Answer 4

de facto standard language, reflect principles of rational analogy and uniformity, tied to American identity

Question 5

Assimilation

Answer 5

“one nation-one language”, a common language is necessary for national unity and economic productivity

Question 6

Minority Languages

Answer 6

native american, sign language, foreign languages

Question 7

Native American Languages

Answer 7

public attitudes viewed foreign and minority languages as hostile, forcing native Americans to speak English by boarding schools and and english only classrooms

Question 8

The Merian Report (1928)

Answer 8

criticized the practice of breaking up families and boarding schools and recognized English-only policy as counterproductive socially, educationally, and culturally

Question 9

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Answer 9

self-determination and cultural pluralism and recognized the rights of tribes to use native American languages as a medium of instruction in federally funded schools.

Question 10

Deafness

Answer 10

prior to 19th century: believed to be an affliction that isolated the deaf from religion and prayer
after the Civil War: social condition isolating groups from the nation as a whole, divisions or particularisms with national were seen as dangerous and ought to be suppressed.

Question 11

Thomas Gallaudet (1817)

Answer 11

evangelical minister who used sign language to teach religion

Question 12

Sign Language

Answer 12

seen as “clannish” and treated as a foreign language, sign language is seen as less intelligent or a lower form of communication

Question 13

Manualism

Answer 13

the use of sign language as a means of communication

Question 14

Language and Education of the Deaf (1966)

Answer 14

anger and frustration at their failure in language due to oral instruction and shows that deaf children were more likely to drop out of school

Question 15

Oralism

Answer 15

focused instruction on the goal of using spoken language

Question 16

Rehabilitation Act of 1973

Answer 16

requires federal programs to provide sign interpreters, sign language is recognized as a second language in most major universities

Question 17

Foreign Languages

Answer 17

treated as diversity problems as barriers to efficiency, national unity, and civic participation due to fear of multilingualism

Question 18

English-only Programs

Answer 18

education is already conducted in English, with the goal that everyone learns english

Question 19

Inner-sphere

Answer 19

the world of private life, intimacy, family, and close community

Question 20

Outer-sphere

Answer 20

the world of strangers, work, school, and other public situations

Question 21

“Mock” Spanish

Answer 21

bad accents, incorrect signs, and texts, the borrowing of obscene phrases

Question 22

Mock Spanish Expressions

Answer 22

“macho”, “el presidente”, “cajones”, “adios”, “hasta la vista”, “manana”

Question 23

White public space

Answer 23

whites are free to speak however they like as disorderly language becomes invisible and unproblematic

Question 24

Direct Indexicality

Answer 24

cosmopolitanism, regional authenticity, sense of humor and congenial personality

Question 25

indirect Indexicality

Answer 25

in order to “make sense” of Mock Spanish, interlocutors must rely on negative stereotypes of Chicanos and Latinos

Question 26

Linguistic Features of Mock Spanish

Answer 26

misuse of Spanish morphology, and hyperangelicized pronunciation

Question 27

Convert Racism

Answer 27

not direct racism, relies on indirect associations and perpetuates negative stereotypes

Question 28

Bilingual Education

Answer 28

Prop 227 (1998) forces English immersion and bans bilingual education