Final section 1 Flashcards
Language ideologies
set of beliefs about language articulated by users as a justification of perceived language structure or use
Ideology
a system of beliefs characteristic of a particular class or group
British English
pompous and antiquated with class distinctions
American English
de facto standard language, reflect principles of rational analogy and uniformity, tied to American identity
Assimilation
“one nation-one language”, a common language is necessary for national unity and economic productivity
Minority Languages
native american, sign language, foreign languages
Native American Languages
public attitudes viewed foreign and minority languages as hostile, forcing native Americans to speak English by boarding schools and and english only classrooms
The Merian Report (1928)
criticized the practice of breaking up families and boarding schools and recognized English-only policy as counterproductive socially, educationally, and culturally
Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
self-determination and cultural pluralism and recognized the rights of tribes to use native American languages as a medium of instruction in federally funded schools.
Deafness
prior to 19th century: believed to be an affliction that isolated the deaf from religion and prayer
after the Civil War: social condition isolating groups from the nation as a whole, divisions or particularisms with national were seen as dangerous and ought to be suppressed.
Thomas Gallaudet (1817)
evangelical minister who used sign language to teach religion
Sign Language
seen as “clannish” and treated as a foreign language, sign language is seen as less intelligent or a lower form of communication
Manualism
the use of sign language as a means of communication
Language and Education of the Deaf (1966)
anger and frustration at their failure in language due to oral instruction and shows that deaf children were more likely to drop out of school
Oralism
focused instruction on the goal of using spoken language
Rehabilitation Act of 1973
requires federal programs to provide sign interpreters, sign language is recognized as a second language in most major universities
Foreign Languages
treated as diversity problems as barriers to efficiency, national unity, and civic participation due to fear of multilingualism
English-only Programs
education is already conducted in English, with the goal that everyone learns english
Inner-sphere
the world of private life, intimacy, family, and close community
Outer-sphere
the world of strangers, work, school, and other public situations
“Mock” Spanish
bad accents, incorrect signs, and texts, the borrowing of obscene phrases
Mock Spanish Expressions
“macho”, “el presidente”, “cajones”, “adios”, “hasta la vista”, “manana”
White public space
whites are free to speak however they like as disorderly language becomes invisible and unproblematic
Direct Indexicality
cosmopolitanism, regional authenticity, sense of humor and congenial personality
indirect Indexicality
in order to “make sense” of Mock Spanish, interlocutors must rely on negative stereotypes of Chicanos and Latinos
Linguistic Features of Mock Spanish
misuse of Spanish morphology, and hyperangelicized pronunciation
Convert Racism
not direct racism, relies on indirect associations and perpetuates negative stereotypes
Bilingual Education
Prop 227 (1998) forces English immersion and bans bilingual education
