Final section 3

Question 1

Language and Identity

Answer 1

how to identities are ascribed to speakers, how speakers identify through language

Question 2

Language Supremacy

Answer 2

some languages or language varieties are treated as better than others

Question 3

Myth of Standard English

Answer 3

links standard English speakers to good people

Question 4

Oakland School Board Resolution

Answer 4

declared Ebonics as a primary language of African American students in 1996

Question 5

Reality of Ebonics

Answer 5

teachers use ebonics to teach children how to write and read standard english

Question 6

Rumors of Ebonics

Answer 6

teachers used ebonics in instructions and taught students ebonics

Question 7

educational problems associated with Oakland schools

Answer 7

71% black students placed in special education
64% repeated grade
19% did not graduate
21% truancy rate

Question 8

Linguistic Society of America

Answer 8

unanimously approved a resolution describing ebonics as “systematic and rule-government like all natural speech varieties”

Question 9

Ebonics

Answer 9

“ebony” and “phonics” (black english, african american english (vernacular))

Question 10

Black Language

Answer 10

southern U.S. english + west african languages + unique elements

Question 11

Afrocentric (ethnolinguistic) view

Answer 11

most of the distinctive pronunciation and grammatical features represent continuities from Africa

Question 12

Eurocentric (dialectologist) view

Answer 12

learned english from the dialects of white settlers quickly and successfully with little influence from African linguistic heritage

Question 13

Creolist View

Answer 13

while acquiring english, slaves developed a simplified fusion of English and African languages

Question 14

Simplified Consonant Clusters

Answer 14

does not allow deletion of second consonant unless both consonants are either voiceless or voiced (ex: running->runnin; test->tes; stand->stan)

Question 15

Metathesis

Answer 15

ask->aks; pretty->perty; prescription->perscription

Question 16

Coupla Absence

Answer 16

linking verb (drop the linking verb) (ex: he say he [is] not ready)

Question 17

“S” Absence

Answer 17

she keep her distance, i keep mine; she think she cute

Question 18

Multiple Negation

Answer 18

she don’t believe nothin’ I tell her; there isn’t no other way; I didn’t go nowhere today

Question 19

Done

Answer 19

he done work (he finished work a long time ago); he done been work (until recently, he worked over a long period of time)

Question 20

Tenses and Aspects

Answer 20

“when” and habitually or not
present progressive: he runnin
present habitually progressive: he be runnin
present intensive habitual progressive: he be steady runnin
present perfect progressive: he bin runnin
present perfect progressive with remote inception: he BIN runnin

Question 21

Miscommunication

Answer 21

don’t share the same assumptions about language even though everyone is speaking the same language

Question 22

Intercultural Miscommunication

Answer 22

service encounters between Koreans (feel antagonized) and African Americans (feel taken advantaged of) in Los Angeles

Question 23

Communication of Respect

Answer 23

achieved, often unconsciously; different languages interpret the same cues differently

Question 23

Socially Expanded Service Encounters

Answer 23

the basics plus interpersonal involvement, characterizes involved politeness

Question 23

Socially Minimal Service Encounters

Answer 23

just the basics, negotiation for exchange, characterizes restraint politeness

Question 24

Restraint Politeness

Answer 24

an unwillingness to impose on others, indirectness, hedging, apologies

Question 25

Involved Politeness

Answer 25

express approval of others and emphasizes solidarity through interactions

Question 26

Paralinguistic Cues

Answer 26

choices of words and topics, proxemic distance, and timing of utterances, intonation, speed of speech, loudness, emphasis, etc.

Question 27

African American Culture

Answer 27

socially expanded service encounters, involvement politeness

Question 28

Korean Culture

Answer 28

socially minimal service encounters, restraint politeness