Mid Muscle Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Origin
A
Less moveable attachment of a muscle
2
Q
Insertion
A
More moveable attachment of a muscle
3
Q
Agonist
A
Prime mover, muscle that directly performs a desired movement
4
Q
Antagonist
A
Opposes the prime mover, typically lengthens or relaxes
5
Q
Reciprocal Inhibition
A
Prevents an antagonist from contracting while the prime mover is contracting
6
Q
Synergist
A
Aids the prime mover in performing the same action as the prime mover
7
Q
Tendon
A
Anchors muscles to other structures
8
Q
Ischemia
A
Decreased blood flow
9
Q
Atrophy
A
Loss of muscle due to inadequate nerve innervation, lack of movement
10
Q
Tonus
A
Muscle tone
11
Q
Aponeurosis
A
Tendinous sheath, broad flat tendon, muscle to bone/skin
12
Q
Fascia
A
Band of irregular tissue that lines and supports tissues
13
Q
Recruitment
A
Motor unit activation to recruit more units to increase strength
14
Q
All or None Law
A
When a muscle fiber receives a stimulus to contract, it will contract completely or not at all.
15
Q
Proprioceptors
A
Receive neurotransmitters that enables the body to know where the body parts are in space
16
Q
Pain Spasm pain cycle
A
Self-perpetuating cycle of muscle spasms, increased by neural input, and pain
17
Q
Gate Control Theory
A
Mechanism where pain can be let through or restricted. Pain in one area can be forgotten in place of pain in another area
18
Q
Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
A
- Excitability/Irritability
- Contractility
- Extensibility
- Elasticity
19
Q
Excitability/Irritability
A
Ability to respond to stimulous
20
Q
Contractility
A
The ability to shorten
21
Q
Extensibility
A
The ability to lengthen
22
Q
Elasticity
A
The ability to return back to the original length and movement
23
Q
Isotonic Contractions
A
Muscle length changes and involves movement
- Eccentric contraction
- Concentric contraction
24
Q
Isometric Contraction
A
Muscle contractions when muscle remains the same
25
Eccentric Contraction
Isotonic Contraction - Muscle Lengthens
- opposes the concentric contractions to oppose the movements and protect the joints
26
Concentric Contraction
Isotonic Contraction - Muscle shortens
27
Systems of the body
1. Skeletal
2. Endocrine
3. Nervous
4. Digestive/Gastrointestinal
5. Muscular
6. Respiratory
7. Urinary
8. Lymphatic
9. Reproductive
10. Integumentary
11. Cardiovascular/ Circulatory
28
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
1. Smooth
2. Skeletal
3. Cardiac
29
Smooth Muscle
Type of muscle tissue that makes up most internal organs
30
Skeletal Muscle
Muscle tissue that attaches to bones and is voluntary
31
Cardiac Muscle
Muscle tissue located in the heart
32
Types of Movements
- Flexion/Extension
- Abduction/Adduction
- Horizontal Abduction/Horizontal Adduction
- Protrusion/Retrusion OR Protraction/Retraction
- Elevation/Depression
- Lateral Excursion/Medial Excursion
- Lateral Rotation/Medial Rotation
- Upward Rotation/Downward Rotation
- Pronation/Supination
- Circumduction
- Ulnar Deviation/Radial Deviation
- Opposition/Reposition
- Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion
- Inversion/Eversion
33
Flexion/Extension
- **Flexion**: movement in the **sagittal** plane that decreases the angle of a joint (**bends the joint**); motion involving anterior bending of the vertebral column
- **Extension**: movement in the **sagital** plane that increases the angle of a joint (**straightens the joint**); motion involving posterior bending of the vertebral column or returning to the upright position from a flexed position
34
Abduction/Adduction
- **Abduction**: movement in the **coronal plane** that moves a limb laterally away from the body; spreading of the fingers
- **Adduction**: movement in the **coronal plane** that moves a limb medially toward or across the midline of the body; bringing fingers together.
35
Protrusion/Retrusion OR Protraction/Retraction
Protraction/Protrusion: anterior motion of the **scapula** or **mandible**
Retraction/Retrusion: posterior motion of the **scapula** or **mandible**
36
Elevation/Depression
- **Elevation**: Upward (superior) motion of the **scapula** or **mandible**
- **Depression**: Downward (inferior) motion of the **scapula** or **mandible**
37
Lateral Excursion/Medial Excursion
- **Lateral Excursion**: side-to-side movement of the **mandible** away from the midline, toward either the right or left side
- **Medial Excursion**: side-to-side movement that returns that **mandible** to the midline
38
Lateral Rotation/Medial Rotation
- **Lateral Rotation**: Movement of the **arm** at the shoulder joint or the **thigh** at the hip joint that moves the anterior surface of the limb or turn of the **head** away from the midline of the body
- **Medial Rotation**: Movement of the **arm** at the shoulder joint or the **thigh** at the hip joint that moves the anterior surface of the limb or turn of the **head** toward the midline of the body
39
Upward Rotation/Downward Rotation
- **Upward (Superior) Rotation**: movement of the **scapula** during upper limb abduction in which the glenoid cavity of the scapula moves in an upward direction as the medial end of the scapular spine moves in the downward direction
- **Downward (Inferior) Rotation**: movement of the **scapula** during upper limb adduction in which the glenoid cavity of the scapula moves in a downward direction as the medial end of the scapular spine moves in an upward direction
40
Pronation/Supination
- **Pronation**: **forearm** motion that moves the palm of the hand forward to the palm backward position
- **Supination**: **forearm** motion that moves the palm of the hand from the palm backward to the palm forward position.
41
Circumduction
circular motion of the **arm**, **thigh**, **hand**, **thumb**, or **finger** that is produced by the sequential combination of *flexion*, *abduction*, *extension*, and *adduction*
42
Ulnar Deviation/Radial Deviation
- **Ulnar Deviation (Adduction)**: movement of the **wrist** toward the ulna
- **Radial Deviation (Abduction)**: movement of the **wrist** toward the radius
43
Opposition/Reposition
- **Opposition**: **thumb** movement that brings the tip of the thumb in contact with the tip of a finger
- **Reposition**: movement of the **thumb** from opposition back to the anatomical position (next to the index finger).
44
Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion
- **Plantar Flexion**: movement of the **ankle** in which the heel is lifted off of the ground or pointing toes downward
- **Dorsiflexion**: movement of the **ankle** that brings the top of the foot toward the anterior leg
45
Inversion/Eversion
- **Inversion**: movement of the **foot*involving the intertarsal joints of the foot in which the bottom of the foot is turned toward the midline
- **Eversion**: movement of the **foot* involving the intertarsal joints of the foot in which the bottom of the foot is turned laterally, away from the midline.
46
Horizontal Abduction/Horizontal Adduction
- **Horizontal Abduction**: movement of the arms away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane.
- **Horizontal Adduction**: movement of the arms toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane.
47
Muscles of the Face
- **_Orbital Fascial Muscles_** (3): _Occipitofrontalis_, _Orbicularis oculi_, _Corrugator supercilii_
- **_Nasal Muscles_** (3): _Nasalis_, _Procerus_, _Depressor Sept Nasi_
- **_Oral Muscles_** (12): _Orbicularis oris_, _Buccinators_, _Depressor anguli oris_, _Levator anguli oris_, _Risorius_, _Zygomaticus major_, _Zygomaticus minor_, _Levator labii superioris_, _Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi_, _Depressor labii inferioris_, _Mentalis_, _Platysma_
- **_Muscles of Mastication_** (4): _Temporalis_, _Masseter_, _Lateral Pterygoid_, _Medial Pterygoid_
48
Muscles of the Neck
- _**Muscles of Deglutition** (4 **Suprahyoid**, 4 **Infrahyoid**)_: _Digastrics_, _Stylohyoid_, _Mylohyoid_, _Geniohyoid_, _Sternohyoid_, _Thyrohyoid_, _Sternothyroid_, _Omohyoid_
- **_Superficial Anterior Neck Muscles_** (3): _Platysma_, _Sternocleidomastoid_, _Subclavius_
- **_Scapula Elevators_** (2): _Levator Scapulae_, _Upper Trapezius_
- **_Scalenes_** (3): _Anterior_, _Middle_, _Posterior_
- **_Lateral Neck Muscles_** (4): Rectus capitis anterior, Rectus Capitis Lateralis, Longus capitis, Longus colli
- **_Superficial Posterior Neck Muscles_** (2): _Splenius capitis_, _Splenius Cervicis_
- **_Suboccipital Muscles_** (4): _Rectus capitis posterior major_, _Rectus capitis posterior minor_, _Obliquus capitis superior_, _Obliquus capitis inferior_
-** _Transversospinalis Muscles_** (5): Semispinalis capitis, Semispinalis cervicis, rotatores cervicis, interspinales, intertransversarii
49
Muscles of the Trunk
- **_Anterior Thoracic Muscles_** (10): _Pectoralis major_, _Pectoralis minor_, _Serratus anterior_, _Subclavius_, _External intercostals_, _Internal intercostals_, Innermost intercostals, Subcostals, Transversus thoracis, _Diaphragm_
- **_Anterolateral Abdominal Wall Muscles_** (6): _Rectus abdominis_, _External abdominal oblique_, _Internal abdominal oblique_, _Transversus abdominis_, Pyramidalis, _Quadratus lumborum_
- **_Posterior Superficial Muscles_** (7): _Latissimus dorsi_, _Trapezius_, _Rhomboid major_, _Rhomboid minor_, _Levator scapulae_, _Serratus posterior superior_ (Intermediate), _Serratus posterior inferior_ (Intermediate)
- **_Spinotransversales Group_** - Intermediate (2): _Splenius capitis_, _Splenius cervicis_
- **_Erector Spinae Group_** - Deep (3): _Iliocostalis_, _Longissimus_, _Spinalis_
- **_Transversospinal Muscles_** - Deeper (4): _Semispinalis_, _Multifidus_, _Rotatores longus_, _Rotatores brevis_
- **_Deepest Posterior Trunk Muscles_** - Deepest: Interspinales, intertransversarii and Levatores costarum
50
Muscles of Respiration
- **_Primary Muscles of Inhalation_** (2): _Diaphragm_, _External intercostals_
- **_Primary Muscles of Forced Exhalation_** (7): _Internal intercostals_, Intercostalis intimi, Subcostals, _Transverse abdominis_, _Rectus Abdominis_, _External Obliques_, _Internal Obliques_
- **_Accessory Muscles of Inhalation_** (10): _Sternocleidomastoid_, _Scalenus anterior_, _Scalenus medius_, _Scalenus posterior_, _Pectoralis major_, _Pectoralis minor_, _Serratus anterior_, _Latissimus dorsi_, _Serratus posterior superior_, _Iliocostalis cervicis_
51
Muscles of Scapular Movement
- **Protraction/Adduction** (3): _Serratus anterior_, _Pectoralis major_, _Pectoralis minor_
- **Retraction/Abduction** (4): _Trapezius_, _Rhomboid major_, _Rhomboid minor_, _Latissimus dorsi_, _Levator Scapulae_
- **Elevation** (5): Levator Scapulae, Upper Trapezius, Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor, Latissimus dorsi
- **Depression** (5): Lower Trapezius, Rhomboid major, Rhomboid minor, Latissimus dorsi, Serratus anterior
- **Upward Rotation** (2): Upper/Lower Trapezius, Serratus anterior, _Teres Major_
- **Downward Rotation** (6): Latissimus dorsi, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid Major, Rhomboid Minor, Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, _Deltoids_
[link](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531475/)
- **Shoulder Girdle Muscles** (5): Trapezius, Levator Scapulae, Rhomboids Major, Rhomboids Minor, Serratus Anterior, Pectoralis Minor
- **Rotator Cuff Muscles** - Abduction, External/Internal Rotation (4): _Supraspinatus_, _Infraspinatus_, _Teres minor_, _Subscapularis_
- **Extrinsic Muscles** (3): Biceps, Triceps, Deltoids
- **Rotation and Stabilization of the Scapula** (4): Levator scapulae, Trapezius, Rhomboids Major, Rhomboids Minor, Serratus anterior
[link](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531475/)
52
Muscles of Humerus Movement
- **Extension**: _Latissimus Dorsi_, Teres major, posterior deltoid, _Triceps Brachii_ (long head),
- **Flexion**: Anterior deltoid, Coracobrachialis, _Biceps brachii_
- **Abduction**: _Suprasinatus_, _Deltoids_, Biceps brachii (long head),
- **Adduction**: Latissimus Dorsi, Teres minor, Teres major, _Coracobrachialis_, Biceps brachii (short head), Triceps Brachii (long head)
- **Medial Rotation**: Latissimus Dorsi , _Subscapularis_, _Teres major_, _Anterior Deltoid_
- **Lateral Rotation**: _Infraspinatus_, _Teres minor_, _Posterior Deltoid_
53
Muscles of Trunk Movement
- **Flexion**:
- **Extension**: _Middle/Lower Trapezius_
- **Ipsilateral Rotation**: _Anterior Deltoid_
- **Contralateral Rotation**: _Posterior Deltoid_
54
Muscles of Forearm Movement
- **Flexion**: _Biceps Brachii_, _Brachialis_, _Pronator Teres_, _Flexor Carpi Radialisa_, _Palmaris Longus_, _Flexor Carpi Ulnaris_, _Brachioradialis_, _Flexor Digitorum Superficialis_, _Flexor Pollicis Longus_, _Extensor Capri Radialis Longus_, _Extensor Capri Radialis Brevis_
- **Extension**: _Triceps Brachii_, _Anconeus_, _Extensor Carpi Ulnaris_, _Extensor Digitorum_, _Extensor Digiti Minimi_
- **Supination**: Biceps Brachii, Brachioradialis, _Supinator_, _Extensor Pollicis Longus_, _Extensor Indicis_
- **Pronation**: Pronator Teres, _Pronator Quadratus_, Flexor Carpi Radialisa, Palmaris Longus, Brachioradialis, Extensor Capri Radialis Longus
55
Muscles of Hand Movement
- **Flexion**: _Flexor Carpi Radialis_, _Palmaris Longus_, _Flexor Carpi Ulnaris_, _Flexor Digitorum Superficialis_, _Flexor Digitorum Profundus_ , _Flexor Pollicis Longus_
- **Extension**: _Extensor Capri Radialis Longus_, _Extensor Capri Radialis Brevis_, _Extensor Carpi Ulnaris_, _Extensor Digitorum_, _Extensor Digiti Minimi_, _Extensor Pollicis Longus_, _Extensor Indicis_
- **Radial Deviation/Abduction**: Flexor Carpi Radialis, Flexor Pollicis Longus, Extensor Capri Radialis Longus, Extensor Capri Radialis Brevis, _Abductor Pollicis Longus_, Extensor Pollicis Brevis, Extensor Pollicis Longus
- **Ulnar Deviation/Adduction**: Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
- **Palm Wrinkles**: Palmaris Longus, _Palmaris Brevis_
56
Muscles of Finger Movement (2-5)
- **Flexion**: _Flexor Digitorum Superficialis_ (MCP,PIP), _Flexor Digitorum Profundus_ (MCP, PIP, DIP), _Lumbricals Manus_ (MCP), _Palmar Interossei_(MCP 2,4,5), _Dorsal Interossei Manus_ (MCP 2,4,5),
- **Extension**: _Extensor Digitorum_ (MCP, DIP), Lumbricals Manus (PIP, DIP), Palmar Interossei (PIP, DIP), Dorsal Interossei Manus (PIP, DIP), Palmar Interossei (PIP, DIP 2,4,5)
- **Abduction**: Dorsal Interossei Manus (MCP 2-4)
- **Adduction**: Palmar Interossei (MCP 2,4,5)
57
Muscles of Thumb Movement
- **Flexion**: _Flexor Pollicis Longus_ (CMC, MCP, IP), _Abductor Pollicis Brevis_ (MCP), Flexor Pollicis Brevis (CMC,MCP), _Opponens Pollicis_ (CMC), _Adductor Pollicis_ (CMC)
- **Extension**: _Abductor Pollicis Longus_ (CMC), _Extensor Pollicis Brevis_ (CMC, MCP), _Extensor Pollicis Longus_ (CMC, MCP, IP), _Abductor Pollicis Brevis_ (MCP, IP), Adductor Pollicis (IP)
- **Abduction**: Abductor Pollicis Longus (CMC), Extensor Pollicis Brevis (CMC), Abductor Pollicis Brevis (MCP), Flexor Pollicis Brevis (CMC), Opponens Pollicis (CMC)
- **Adduction**: Adductor Pollicis (CMC)
- **Medial Rotation**: Opponens Pollicis (CMC)
- **Lateral Rotation**: Abductor Pollicis Longus (CMC), Extensor Pollicis Brevis (CMC), Extensor Pollicis Longus (CMC)
- **Opposition**: Opponens Pollicis (CMC)
58
Muscle of the Pinky Movements
- **Flexion**: _Opponens Digiti Minimi_(CMC), _Flexor Digiti Minimi Manus_ (MCP)
- **Extension**: _Extensor Digiti Minimi_ (MCP, PIP, DIP), _Abductor Digiti Minimi Manus_ (PIP, DIP)
- **Medial Rotation**: _Extensor Digitorum_ (CMC), Extensor Digiti Minimi (CMC)
- **Lateral Rotation**: Opponens Digiti Minimi (CMC)
- **Abduction**: Abductor Digiti Minimi Manus (CMC, MCP)
- **Adduction**: Opponens Digiti Minimi (CMC)
- **Opposition**: Opponens Digiti Minimi (CMC)
59
Muscles of the Index Finger
- **Extension**: _Extensor Indicis_ (MCP, PIP, DIP)
- **Adduction**: Extensor Indicis (MCP)
60
Muscles of Head and Neck Movement
- **Flexion**: _Sternocleidomastoid_, _Anterior Scalene_, _Middle Scalene_, _Longus Colli_, _Longus Capitis_, _Rectus Capitis Anterior_
- **Extension**: _Upper Trapezius_, _Splenius Capitis_, _Splenius Cervicis_, _Levator Scapulae_, _Rectus Capitis Posterior Major_ (head), _Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor_, _Obliquus Capitis Superior_, Sternocleidomastoid
- **Lateral Flexion**: Upper Trapezius, Splenius Capitis, Splenius Cervicis, Levator Scapulae, Rectus Capitis Posterior Major (head), Obliquus Capitis Superior, Sternocleidomastoid, Anterior Scalene, Middle Scalene, _Posterior Scalene_, Longus Colli, Longus Capitis, _Rectus Capitis Lateralis_
- **Lateral Extension**:
- **Protraction**: Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor, Obliquus Capitis Superior
- **Contralateral Rotation**: Upper Trapezius, Sternocleidomastoid, Longus Colli
- **Ipsilateral Rotation**: Splenius Capitis, Splenius Cervicis, Levator Scapulaes, Rectus Capitis Posterior Major (head), _Obliquus Capitis Inferior_
- **Draws up Neck Skin**: _Platysma_
61
Muscles of Face Movement
- **Depressesion Lower Lip**:_Platysma_
- **Depression of Mandible**: Platysma, _ Digastric_, _ Mylohoid_, _Geniohyoid_
- **Retraction of the Mandible**: Digastric
62
Muscles of Sternum/Clavicular/Rib Movement
- **Elevation**: _Sternocleidomastoid_ (sternum, clavicle), _Anterior Scalene_ (1 st rib), _Middle Scalene_ (1st rib), _ Posterior Scalene_ (2nd rib)
63
Muscles of Deglutition
- **Elevates the Hyoid**: _Digastric_, _Stylohyoid_, _Mylohoid_, _Geniohyoid_
- **Elevates Thyroid Cartilage**: _Thyrohyoid_
- **Depresses Hyoid**: _Sternohyoid_, Thyrohyoid, _Omohyoid_,
- **Depresses Thyroid Cartilage**: Sternothyroid
64
Movements of Respiration
