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Anatomy > 19. Skeletal System > Flashcards

19. Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Skeleton

A

-Greek for dried up
-Includes individual and fused bones and associated connective tissues (ligaments, joints, tendons).
-Has extensive blood supply
-Numbers: 206 in adults,
-forms internal framework for the body
-bones are hardest tissue in the body (second to tooth enamel)
-relatively light
-somewhat flexible, resists amounts of tension and external physical stress
-includes important bony landmarks for muscle attachments and cautionary sites

Functions:
-support: framework of the body
-protection: protections internal organs
-movement: attachment sites for muscles and tendons. Movement and reposition by muscular system.
-blood cell production: produced in red marrow of bones through hematopoiesis.
-fat storage: stored in yellow bone marrow. Released when needed.
-mineral storage: (phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate)

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2
Q

Bone Classification

A

Shape/size
-Long: longer than are wide
-Short: small and cube shaped w/ multiple articulating surfaces
-Flat: possess a broad, flat surfaces
-Irregular: oddly shaped and do not fit well in other shape/size categories
-Sesamoid: round, usually small, embedded in tendons,

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3
Q

Long Bone

A

longer than are wide.

Example: humerus, ulna and radius, femur, tibia and fibula)

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4
Q

Short Bone

A

small and cube shaped w/ multiple articulating surfaces.

Example: carpals, tarsals

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5
Q

Flat Bones

A

possess a broad, flat surfaces.

Example: sternum, scapula, ribcage, pelvis, skull

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6
Q

Irregular Bones

A

oddly shaped and do not fit well in other shape/size categories

Example: Vertebrae

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7
Q

Sesamoid

A

round, usually small, embedded in tendons,

Example: patella, some bones in hands and feet.

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8
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

-one of 2 distinct regions of the skeletal system
-consists of 80 bones including:
*the skull
*vertebral column
*sternum
*ribs

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9
Q

Skull

A

-Part of the Axial Skeleton
-includes 29 bones
*8 cranial bones (frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid,
*14 fascial bones (2 maxilla, 2 zygomatic, 2 palatine, mandible, 2 lacrimal, 2 nasal, 2 inferior conch, vomer,
*6 ear ossicles (2 malleus, 2 incus, 2 stapes),
*1 hyoid bone

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10
Q

Vertebral Column

A

-Part of the Axial Skeleton
-includes 26 bones
*7 cervical vertebrae
*12 thoracic vertebrae
*5 lumbar vertebrae
*1 sacrum
*1 coccyx

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11
Q

Sternum

A

-Part of the Axial Skeleton
-includes 1/3 bones (manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process)

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12
Q

Ribs

A

-Part of the Axial Skeleton
-includes 24 bones (12 pairs)

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13
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

-one of 2 distinct regions of the skeletal system
-consists of 126 bones including:
*shoulder girdle
*pelvic girdle
*upper extremities
*lower extremities

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14
Q

Shoulder Girdle

A

-part of the appendicular skeleton
-includes 4 bones:
*2 scapulae
*2 clavicles

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15
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

-part of the appendicular skeleton
-includes 2 bones (each with 3 fused bones):
*2 ilium
*2 ishium
*2 pubic

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16
Q

Upper Extremities

A

-part of the appendicular skeleton
-includes 60 bones (30 on each side):
*2 humeri
*2 ulni
*2 radii
*16 carpals
*10 metacarpals
*28 phalanges
-hands contain small sesamoid bones

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17
Q

Osteology

A

-Study of the bones
-Osteo, osseo : Latin for bone
-Os, ossi: Greek for bone
-Ossicle: Latin for little bone

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18
Q

Joints

A

-where 2 or more bones come together
-aka articulation, arthrosis
-Functions:
*allows the body to move in response to muscular forces.
*helps bear weight
*Provides stability
-every bone articulates with another bone, except the hyoid bone.
-Classified by their Structure/Tissue
*Fibrous
*Cartilaginous
*Synovial
-Classification by Function/Amount of Movement Permitted
*Synarthrotic
*Amphiarthrotic
*Diarthrotic

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19
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

-Structure/Tissue classification of a joint
-Joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
-does not have a joint capsule
-resembles synarthrotic joints

Examples: Skull Sutures

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20
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

-Structure/Tissue classification of a joint
-Joined by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline)
-does not have a joint capsule
-allows more movement than fibrous but less than synovial
-resembles amphiarthropic joints

Example: Pubic Symphysis

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21
Q

Synovial Joints

A

-Structure/Tissue classification of a joint
-enclosed by a dense fibrous joint capsule/cavity or synovial cavity lined with a membrane that secretes a fluid
-resembles diarthrotic joints

Examples: knee, shoulder

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22
Q

Synarthrotic Joints

A

-Functional/Allowable Movement Classification of Joints
-aka synarthroses
-movement is not permitted or extremely limited.
-resembles Fibrous Joints
-common in axial skeleton

Examples: Sutures in Skull, Gomphoses in Teeth

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23
Q

Amphiarthrotic Joints

A

-Functional/Allowable Movement Classification of Joints
-slightly moveable joints
-resembles cartilaginous joints
-common in axial skeleton

Examples: intervertebral joints, symphysis pubis

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24
Q

Diarthrotic Joints

A

-Functional/Allowable Movement Classification of Joints
-freely moveable joints
-common in appendicular skeleton
-resembles synovial joints

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25
Q

Synovial Joint Anatomy

A

-anatomy of freely moveable joints
-Outer Region:
*Joint Capsule
*Ligaments
*Articular Cartilage
*Labrum
-Inner Region:
*Joint Cavity
*Synovial Membranes
*Synovial Fluid
-Accessory Structures:
*Fat pads
*Bursae
*Synovial Sheaths
*Menisci

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26
Q

Joint Capsule

A

-part of the Outer Region in Synovial Joint Anatomy
-a highly innervated sleeve that has rich blood supply and surrounds the joint like a sleeve

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27
Q

Ligaments

A

-part of the Outer Region in Synovial Joint Anatomy
-unites the articulating bones (strengthening the the joint)

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28
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

-part of the Outer Region in Synovial Joint Anatomy
-Hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces of bone decreasing friction and increases shock absorption.

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29
Q

Labrum

A

-part of the Outer Region in Synovial Joint Anatomy
-A ring of fibrocartilage around the edge of the articular cartilage to increase its surface area. In most synovial joints

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30
Q

Joint Cavity

A

-part of the Inner Region in Synovial Joint Anatomy
-inner region of the joint cavity.
-Lined with a synovial membrane

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31
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

-part of the Inner Region in Synovial Joint Anatomy
-lines the joint cavity
-secretes synovial fluid

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32
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

-part of the Inner Region in Synovial Joint Anatomy
-fills the joint cavity
-decreases friction during movement
-provides nourishment and shock absorption

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33
Q

Fat Pads

A

-part of the Accessory Structures in Synovial Joint Anatomy
-protect articular cartilages
-“packing” used when that enjoins cavity changes shape during movement.
-Example: Knee fat pads

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34
Q

Bursae

A

-part of the Accessory Structures in Synovial Joint Anatomy
-flattened saclike structures between ligaments or tendons and bones to reduce friction
-lined with synovial sheaths that secrete synovial fluid.
-Example: shoulder

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35
Q

Synovial Sheaths

A

-part of the Accessory Structures in Synovial Joint Anatomy
-aka tendon sheaths
-elongated bursae surrounding tendons to increase their gliding capacity.
-lined with synovial sheaths that secrete synovial fluid.
-Example: forearms, wrists, legs, ankles

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36
Q

Menisci

A

-part of the Accessory Structures in Synovial Joint Anatomy
-Crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginious pads
-found in knees and jaw
-act as shims to to make irregular bone shapes fit together
-help the joints move smoothly
-serves as shock absorbers

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37
Q

Types of Synovial Joints

A

-classified by the number of axes they move around and their shape
-UniAxial Joints: moves in one axes on one plane
*Hinge
*Pivot
-BiAxial Joints: moves in 2 perpendicular axes on 2 planes
*Saddle joints
*Condyloid joints
-MultiAxial Joints: moves in 3 axes in 3 planes
*Gliding
*Ball and Socket

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38
Q

Hinge

A

-UniAxial Synovial Joint
-Movement: allows Flexion (decrease angle) and Extension (increase angle)
-Description: possesses a convex surface on one bone that fits into a concave surface of another bone (2 boards held together by a hinge
-Example: elbow joint (humeroulner and humeroradial joint), ankle joint (talocrural joint)

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39
Q

Pivot Joints

A

-UniAxial Synovial Joint
-Description: possess a ringed or notched surface of one bone that fits into a projection of another bone
-Movement: allows rotation around the length of the bone
-Example: 1st and 2nd vertebrae (atlantoaxial joint), 2 forearm bones (proximal and distal radioulnar joints)

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40
Q

Saddle Joints

A

-BiAxial Synovial Joint
-Description: possesses a concave surface of 1 bone that fits into a convex surface of another. Resembles a rider and a saddle.
-Movement: allows Flexion and Extension, Abduction and Adduction, Opposition and Reposition and Circumduction (not rotation)
-Example: Thumbs (first carpometacarpal joint) only

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41
Q

Condyloid Joints

A

-BiAxial Synovial Joint
-Description: possesses an oval-shaped surface (condole) of one of the bones that fits into a depression (socket) of another bone
-Movement: allows Flexion and Extension, Abduction and Adduction
-Example: Skull and Neck (atlantooccipital joint), forearm and wrist (radiocarpal joints)
-aka ellipsoidal joints

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42
Q

Gliding

A

-MultiAxial Synovial Joint
-Description: interactions of relatively flat surfaces of articulating bones
-Movement: allows limited but complex movements on all axes. Least mobile of all synovial joints
-Example: bones in the wrist (intercarpal joints), bones in the feet (intertarsal joints), vertebral column joints (facet joints)
-aka planar joints

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43
Q

Ball and Socket

A

-MultiAxial Synovial Joint
-Description: ball-shaped end of one bone fitting into a socket-shaped surface of another.
-Movement: allows many directions. Most moveable of all joints.
-Example: hip (acetabulofemoral joint), shoulder (glenohumeral joints
-aka spheroid joints

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44
Q

Synovial Joint Movement

A

-Flexion and Extension
-Abduction and Adduction
-Circumduction
-Rotation
-Supination and Pronation
-Plantar Flexion and Dorsiflextion
-Inversion and Eversion
-Elevation and Depression
-Protraction and Retraction
-Excursion

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45
Q

Flexion and Extension

A

-Flexion: angles between the bones decrease
-Extension: angles between the bones increase
-Examples: fingers, toes, elbows, hips, knees, neck, shoulders, spine, wrists
-Hyperextension: overextending the joint beyond its normally straightened position.
-Planes: Sagittal and Midsagital (forward and back)

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46
Q

Abduction and Adduction

A

-Abduction: away from midline/middle finger/2nd toe
*spreads the fingers/toes
*zombie to plane position (horizontal abduction)
*setter wrist position (Radial deviation/wrist abduction)
-Adduction: towards the midline/middle finger/2nd toe
*squeezes fingers and toes
*thumb to pad of palm (opposition) back to index finger (reposition)
*plane to zombie position (horizontal adduction)
*volleyball block wrist position (Ulnar deviation/wrist adduction)
-Planes: Frontal and Transverse (horizontal ab/adduction)

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47
Q

Circumduction

A

-circular movement with a fixed (usually proximal) end and a moving (usually distal) end
-combination of several movements including Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction
-Examples: Shoulder and Hip

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48
Q

Rotation

A

-when a bone pivots or rotates around its own central axis.
-Direction of Rotation:
*Left/Right Rotation: neck and spine
*Lateral and Medial Rotation: appendicular skeleton
*Upward(Superior) and Downward(Inferior Rotation: Gelnoid cavity of the Scapula
-Planes: Transverse (left/right, lateral/medial), Frontal (upward/downward)

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49
Q

Supination and Pronation

A

-Movements of the forearm
-Supination: lateral rotation of radius with palms anterior or superior with elbows flexed (serving platter)
-Pronation: medial rotation of radius with palms posterior or inferior with elbows flexed (calm down)
Plane: Transverse

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50
Q

Plantar Flexion and Dorsiflexion

A

-Movements of the ANKLE (not foot)
-Plantar Flexion: foot goes inferiorly (ballet pointing toes)
-Dorsiflexion: foot goes superiority (towards crural/shin)
-Planes: Sagital and Midsagital

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51
Q

Inversion and Eversion

A

-involving multiple joints in the FOOT (not ankle)
-Inversion: the foot turns inward (bottom of the feet face midline)
-Eversion: turning the foot turns outward (bottom of the feet face away from midline)
-Plane: Frontal

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52
Q

Elevation and Depression

A

-movements of the scapula and mandible
-elevation: superior (upward) movements (raising or lifting shoulder or jaw)
-depression: inferior (downward movements (lowering or dropping shoulder or jaw)
Plane: Frontal

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53
Q

Protraction and Retraction

A

-anterior and posterior movements of the scapula and mandible
-protraction: anterior or forward direction (protrusion) (push up)
-retraction: inferior or backward direction (recursion) (pull up)
-Plane: Transverse

-

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54
Q

Excursion

A

-side to side movements of the mandible
*Lateral Excursion: movement away from the midline
*Medial Excursion: movement returning to middle position
-Plane: Transverse
-aka lateral deviation

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55
Q

Herniated Disk

A

-Weakening of intervertebral disk resulting in protrusion of nucleus purposes, potentially compressing spinal nerve root or chord.
-Acute local contraindicated for massage; REFER OUT

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56
Q

Abnormal Spinal Curvature

A

-functional conditions of spine coming out of alignment. Constant pull of the soft tissues or gravity causes vertebrae and other skeletal structures to change shape and become more of a skeletal dysfunction.
-Common Abnormalities:
*Scoliosis C-Curve
*Scoliosis S-Curve
*Lordosis: exaggerated lordotic or concave curve in lumbar spine (swayback)
*Kyphosis - hyperkyphosis - exaggerated convex curve of the thoracic spine
#Postural Kyphosis: slouching, appearing during adolescence
#Scheiermann’s Kyphosis - genetic condition, severe irregularly formed vertebra and disks

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57
Q

Healthy Spinal Curvature

A

-curvatures help position the head over pelvis and provide flexibility, strength, shock absorption, and balance
-double S Curve when viewed from the side.
*Concave lordotic curve in cervical and lumbar spine
*Convex kyphotic curve in thoracic curve

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58
Q

Scoliosis

A

-abnormal spinal curvature
-C Curve: lateral curvature of the spine that involves a rotation of the vertebrae
-S Curve: when the spine contains 2 curves, one upper and one lower
-massage: position for comfort, avoid side-lying, sensitivity check in/adjust pressure

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59
Q

Lordosis

A

-abnormal spinal curvature
-exaggerated lordotic or concave curve in lumbar spine (swayback)

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60
Q

Kyphosis

A

-Hyperkyphosis - exaggerated kyphotic or convex curve of the thoracic spine
*Postural kyphosis: apparent during adolescence, associated with slouching
*Scheuermann’s Kyphosis - genetic condition, apparent during adolescence, severe irregularity formed by vertebral disks.
-Massage: position for comfort, avoid side-lying, sensitivity check in/ adjust pressure.

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61
Q

Bony Marking: Condyle

A

-Projections/Processes Category
-A round knuckle-like prominence usually at a point of articulation with another bone to form a joint
-Example: the femur and occipital condyles.

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62
Q

Bony Marking: Head

A

-Projections/Processes Category
-a rounded articulating process at the end of a bone
-Examples: femoral head and fibulae head

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63
Q

Bony Marking: Crest

A

-Projections/Processes Category
-A ridge or linear elevation on a bone
-Examples: Iliac crest and pubic crest

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64
Q

Bony Marking: Foremen

A

-Depression/Opening Category
-An opening through a bone and usually serve as a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments.
-Examples: Obturator foremen and foremen magnum

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65
Q

Bony Markings: Fossa

A

-Depression/Opening Category
-A shallow depression
-Examples: subscapular fossa and iliac fossa

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66
Q

Bony Marking: Line

A

-Projections/Processes Category
-A narrow ridge or rounded end of a bone
-Example: Nuchal line and gluteal line

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67
Q

Bony Markings: Meatus

A

-Depression/Opening Category
-a tubelike passage
-Example: external auditory meatus, urethral meatus

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68
Q

Bony Marking: Process

A

-Projections/Processes Category
-Prominent projection or prolongation from a bone
-Examples: styloid process, olecranon process.

69
Q

Bony Markings: Sinus

A

-Depression/Opening Category
-A cavity or hallow space in a bone
-Examples: frontal sinus, maxillary sinus

70
Q

Bony Markings: Spine

A

-Projections/Processes Category
-sharp, slender projection from a bone
-Examples: scapular spine, iliac spine

71
Q

Bony Marking: Trochanter

A

-Projections/Processes Category
-large, rounded projection found only on the femur
-Examples: Greater Trochanter, Lesser Trochanter

72
Q

Bony Marking: Tubercle

A

-Projections/Processes Category
-A small rounded projection from a bone, usually blunt and irregular.
-Examples: pubic tubercle, adductor tubercle

73
Q

Bony Marking: Tuberosity

A

-Projections/Processes Category
-A large and rounded (or roughened) projection on a bone
-Examples: deltoid tuberosity, ishial tuberosity

74
Q

Bony Landmarks: Medial Malleolus

A

-medial (inside) “ankle bone”

75
Q

Bony Landmarks: Shaft of the Tibia

A

-“shin bone”

76
Q

Bony Landmarks: Patella

A

-“kneecap”

77
Q

Bony Landmarks: Pubic Arch

A

-middle: pubic symphasis
-lateral portion (about 1 1/2” to each side of the pubic symphasis): ramus of the pubic bone

78
Q

Bony Landmarks: Styloid Process of the Radius

A

-small bump at the distal end of the ulna just proximal to the wrist

79
Q

Bony Landmarks: Tibial Tuberosity

A

-prominent bump inferior to the patella

80
Q

Bony Landmarks: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)

A

-pointed bone at the front of the hip

81
Q

Bony Landmarks: Styloid Process of the radius

A

-lateral process at the distal end of the radius

82
Q

Bony Landmarks: Lateral Epicondyle of the humerus

A

-bump on the outside of the elbow at the end of the humerus
-attachment of many of the wrist extensor muscles (tennis elbow)

83
Q

Bony Landmarks: Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus

A

-bump on inside of the elbow at the end of the humerus
-attachment of many of the wrist flexor muscles (golfer’s elbow)

84
Q

Bony Landmarks: Xiphoid Process

A

-point at the inferior end of the sternum

85
Q

Bony Landmarks: Sternum

A

-breast bone
-between ribs on the front of the chest

86
Q

Bony Landmarks: Bicipital Groove

A

-groove between the greater and lesser tuberosity of the humerus
-location of the tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle

87
Q

Bony Landmarks: Coracoid Process of Scapula

A

-Arises from the superior border of the head of scapular, projecting forward and curving laterally

88
Q

Bony Landmarks: Acromioclavicular (AC) Joint

A

-Joint between the acromion process of the scapula and the clavicle

89
Q

Bony Landmarks: Sternal notch

A

-hallow just superior to the sternum and between the heads of the clavicles

90
Q

Bony Landmarks: Ramus of the mandible

A

-point at the angle of the jawbone

91
Q

Bony Landmarks: Frontal Eminence

A

-Slight rise between the eyebrow and hairline

92
Q

Bony Landmarks: Supraorbital Ridge

A

-Upper part of eye socket, under the eyebrow

93
Q

Bony Landmarks: Zygomatic Arch

A

-“cheekbone”

94
Q

Bony Landmarks: Clavicle

A

-collarbone

95
Q

Bony Landmarks: Clavicle

A

-collarbone

96
Q

Bony Landmarks: Acromion Process

A

-lateral point of the spine of the scapula

97
Q

Bony Landmarks: Lateral Malleolus

A

-outside or lateral ankle bone
-distal end of the fibula

98
Q

Bony Markings: Epicondyle

A

-a small bump or rise near a condyle.

99
Q

Bony Landmarks: Mastoid Process

A

-Bony point behind the lower portion of the ear

100
Q

Bony Landmarks: Transverse Process of the 1st Cervical Vertebra

A

-just below and deeper than mastoid process

101
Q

Bony Landmarks: Spinous Process of the 7th cervical vertebrae

A

-topmost of the palpable spinous process

102
Q

Bony Landmarks: Spinous Process of the Vertebra

A

-bony projection off the posterior of each vertebrae

103
Q

Bony Landmarks: Intercostal Space

A

-space between 2 ribs

104
Q

Bony Landmarks: Costal Margin

A

-border formed by lower costal cartilages of ribs 7-10

105
Q

Bony Landmarks: True Ribs

A

-connects to sternum, ribs 1-7 (7 pairs)

106
Q

Bony Landmarks: False Ribs

A

-Indirectly connects to sternum costal cartilage of rib 7
-ribs 8,9,10 (3 pairs)

107
Q

Bony Landmarks: Floating Ribs

A

-last 2 of ribs not attached to sternum, only attach at the back of the rib cage
-anchored to the vertebrae of the spine

108
Q

Bony Landmarks: Crest of the Ilium

A

-top border of ilium (hip bone)
-aka iliac crest

109
Q

Bony Landmarks: Greater trochanter of the femur

A

-bony knob at the top of the leg bone

110
Q

Bony Landmarks: Medial Epicondyle of the femur

A

-bony enlargement on the inside of the knee

111
Q

Bony Landmarks: Lateral Epicondyle of the Femur

A

-bony enlargement on the outside of the knee

112
Q

Bony Landmarks: Head of the Fibula

A

-bump on the outside of the leg just below the knee

113
Q

Bony Landmarks: Calcaneus

A
  • “heel bone”
114
Q

Bony Landmarks: Ischial Tuberosity

A
  • “sit bone”
115
Q

Bony Landmarks: Coccyx

A

-(tailbone)
-Distal end of sacrum
-Prominent bone at upper end of gluteal crease located deep between the buttocks

116
Q

Bony Landmarks: Posterior Superior Iliac

A

-(PSIS)
-bony prominence of the low back at the posterior end of the iliac crest

117
Q

Bony Landmarks: Olecranon Process

A

-point of the elbow at the proximal end of the ulna

118
Q

Bony Landmarks: Inferior angle of the scapula

A

-lower tip of the scapula

119
Q

Bony Landmarks: Axillary border of the scapula

A

-lateral edge of scapula from the inferior angle to the “armpit”

120
Q

Bony Landmarks: Vertebral border of the scapula

A
  • medial edge of the scapula nearest the spine
121
Q

Bony Landmarks: Greater Tuberosity of the Humerus

A

-proximal prominence of the humerus

122
Q

Bony Landmarks: Spine of the Scapula

A

-bony ridge on the posterior scapula

123
Q

Bony Landmarks: Occipital Ridge

A

-lowest palpable bony ridge on the posterior skull

124
Q

Bony Landmarks: Occipital Protuberance

A

-small bump on the posterior skull

125
Q

Articulation

A

-a joint or juncture between bones or cartilages in the skeleton of a vertebrate.

126
Q

Bone: Mandible

A

-jaw

127
Q

Bone: Ulna

A

-forearm bone medial to radius

128
Q

Bone: Phalanges

A

-most distal part of the fingers and toes

129
Q

Bone: Cervicle Vertebrae

A

-neck bones (both front and back)

130
Q

Bone: Coracoid Process

A

-arises from the superior border of the head of the scapula
-projects forward and curves laterally

131
Q

Bone: Sacrum

A

-“fused vertebrae” at end of spine superior to coccyx

132
Q

Bone: Metacarpals

A

-proximal to the phalanges on hand
-distal to carpals on hand

133
Q

Bone: Tibia

A
  • “shin bone”
134
Q

Bone: Metatarsals

A

-proximal to the phalanges on feet
-distal to tarsals on feet

135
Q

Bone: sternum

A
  • “breast bone”
136
Q

Bone: Radius

A

-forearm bone lateral to ulna

137
Q

Bone: Ishium

A

-pelvis
-sits bones

138
Q

Scapula

A
  • “shoulder blade”
139
Q

Bone: Clavical

A
  • “collar bone”
140
Q

Bone: Lumbar Vertebrae

A

-Superior to Sacrum on Spine
-Inferior to ribcage

141
Q

Bone: Coccyx

A

-inferior to (or inferior point of) Sacrum

142
Q

Bone: Femur

A

-thigh bone

143
Q

Bone: Fibula

A

-narrower bone than Tibia
-Lateral to Tibia

144
Q

Bone: Xyphoid

A

-inferior point of sternum

145
Q

Bone: Greater Trochanter

A

-lateral prominence of femur on proximal head

146
Q

Bone: Acromium Process

A

-most superior process of the scapula

147
Q

Bone: Humerus

A

-bone proximal to forearm bones and distal to shoulder blade

148
Q

Bone: Ilium

A
  • top of the bowl of the pelvic bone
149
Q

Bone: Carpals

A

-proximal to the forearm bones
-distal to the shoulder bone

150
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Articular Cartilage

A

-thin layer of hyaline cartilage that protects the ends of our bones from friction when our joints move and shock when we put weight on our joints
-arthritis is a loss of this cartilage

151
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Red Marrow

A

-soft tissue within long bones full of stem cells.
-produces red blood cells, most white, and some platelets

152
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Periosteum

A

-a membrane that covers the outside of long bones
-vascular connective tissue
-filled with blood vessels and osteoblasts to allow the bone to grow in width (not length)

153
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Spongy Bone

A

-has microscopic spaces filled with red marrow.
-found in many different types of bones
-located in the epiphyses in long bones

154
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Compact Bone

A

-has very few spaces
-full of tightly packed osteons
-much stronger than spongy bone and makes up the shaft of the bone

155
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Epiphyseal Plates

A

-growth plates
-helps bones grow in length (not width)
-made of hyaline cartilage which ossifies and regrows repeatedly as we grow in height
-ossifies completely between 18 and 25

156
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Medullary Cavity

A

-lined with a connective tissue membrane (endosperm)

157
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Endosteum

A

-a connective tissue that lines the Medullary cavity that resides within long bones

158
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Yellow Marrow

A

-primarily adipose tissue (fat)
-can transform into red marrow if body is in need of more blood (traumatic accident)

159
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Diaphysis

A

-the shaft of the long bone
-made primarily of compact bone

160
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Epiphyses

A
  • knobby ends of the bone
    -filled with spongy bone
    -proximal is closer to the trunk, distal is farther away
161
Q

Long Bone Anatomy: Nutrient Foramen

A

-enables the bone to send and receive blood supply
-where blood vessels thread through into the bone and carries back nutrients, oxygen, and hormones

162
Q

Wolf’s Law

A

-natural healthy bones will adapt and change to adapt to the stress that it is subject to.
-more heavier loads = reconstructed bones to carry that weight

163
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

-the process of bone destruction by osteoclasts and formation by osteoblasts
-begins after bone growth is complete and continues throughout life.
-formation and destruction occur at about the same rate to keep a constant bone density
-affects its speed:
*age
*gender
*levels of physicality
*nutrition
*medications
-Hormones:
* parathyroids : when calcium levels are low, parathyroids secrete by stimulating osteoclasts and inhibiting osteoblasts
*calcitonin: when calcium levels are high, calcitonin is secreted that stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts
*pituitary secretes hormone for bone growth
*bone growth influenced by gonadal hormones (estrogen, testosterone)

164
Q

Ossification

A

-aka osteogenesis
-process of bone tissue developed by osteoblasts,
-begins during fetal development and continues throughout adulthood
-types:
*intramembranous ossification
*endochondral ossification

165
Q

Intramembraneous Ossification

A

-bone is developed from membranes (flat bones of the skull)
-occurs after birth during the natural healing of bone fractures

166
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

-bone is developed from cartilage
-eventually forms into bones that have proximal and distal epiphyses, epiphyseal plates, articular cartilage, and epiphyseal line

167
Q

Osteoblasts

A

-bone-building cells
-from osteopenia cells
-secretes a substance that mineralizes bone tissue
-mature into osteocytes (no dividing)

168
Q

Osteoclasts

A

-bone-crushing cells
-secretes a substance that dissolves hard minerals left by osteoblasts

Anatomy (9 decks)

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