Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > 20. Muscular System > Flashcards

20. Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Epimysium

A

-Connective tissue over the muscle that connects twitch the tendon
-reduces friction between the muscle and surrounding body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Perimysium

A

-Connective tissue inside the muscle
-Surrounds Fascicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fascicle

A

-a bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, capillaries, and nerve endings
-lies parallel to other fascicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Endomysium

A

-connective tissue within a fascicle that surrounds muscle fibers (myofbrils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Myofiber

A

-aka muscle cell
-multiple nucleuses (nuclei)
-cell membrane: sarcolemma
-intercellular fluid: sarcoplasm
-contains Myofibrils that contains the ability to contract
*surrounded by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Myofibrils

A

-located within muscle fibers
-contains sacromeres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sacromere

A

-basic units of muscle contraction
-located within myofibrils
-Z Lines/Disc/Bands border the sacromere
-contains myofilaments of Actin/Troponin (Thin) filaments and Myosin (Thick) filaments
-I Bands: thin filaments only
-H Bands: thick filaments only
-A Bands: includes entirety of thick filaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Origin

A

-Tendinous attachments on the less moveable bone or bone more stable during muscle contraction.
-usually located more medial or proximal
-usually larger and more extensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Insertion

A

-tendinous attachments on more moveable bond during muscle contraction
-usually more lateral or distal
-usually moves toward origins
-usually smaller than origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Agonists

A

-prime movers
-muscles causing the desired action
-Example: brachialis is agonist for elbow Flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Antagonist

A

-muscles that lengthen while prime movers shorten
-usually reside on the opposite side of the moving joint to create opposing action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Synergist

A

-muscles that assist prime movers by performing the same movement at the same time.
-usually neighboring muscles of prime movers and smaller in size
-example: pronation teres is synergist to biceps brachialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Atrophy

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Muscle Anatomy Hierarchy

A

Muscle > fascicle > muscle fiber > myofibril > sacromere > myofilaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sarcolemma

A

-Cell membrane surrounding muscle fibers.
-its folds are motor end plates that receives signals from motor neurons to contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

-intercellular fluid within the muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

A

-surrounds myofibril within muscle fibers
-system of interconnected hallow tubes
-stores and releases calcium ions
-has indentations called transverse tubules (T tubules)
-allows impulses to travel into the center of the muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Connective Tissues

A

-Epimysium: surrounds muscle
-Perimysium: surrounds fasciculi
*allows for muscular vascularization and innervation
-Endomysium: surrounds muscle fibers
*continuous with fascia surrounding tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Aponeurosis

A

-a broad, flat tendon (Tendons are chord like)
-attaches muscle to bone, muscle to muscle, muscle to skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Retinacula

A

-bands of connective tissues that stabilize tendons (bracelets)
-also functions as pulleys
-located around elbows, knees, ankles, wrists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Parts of a Muscle

A

-Belly: wide central portion
-origin: attachment on less moveable bone
-insertion: attachment on more moveable bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Muscle Contraction

A

-generation of tension in muscle fibers through movements between myosin and actin
-schema describing muscle contraction: sliding filament model
-extensibility: muscle fibers can be stretched
-elasticity: muscle fibers can reform to original length

  1. Neuromuscular junction
  2. Excitation of the Motor End Plate
  3. Contraction
  4. Relation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A

-myosin filaments use ATP to “walk” along the actin filaments with their cross bridges
-z lines are closer together, shortening sacromeres
-the number of muscle fibers that contract, the stronger the force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

All-or-None Law/Response

A

-true for motor units, not the muscle itself
-a muscle fiber always contracts fully or not at all (no partial contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Recruitment

A

-the process of motor unit citation based on need
-numerous motor units are linked to a single skeletal muscle
-nervous system only activates the number of motor units needed to perform action.
-recruitment: recruiting more motor units to meet need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Atrophy

A

Loss of muscle mass from lack of use, poor nutrition, or inadequate nerve innervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Contracture

A

-joint condition in which a muscle is fixed in a flexed contraction

28
Q

Ganglion Cyst

A

-benign tumor occurring on a tendon such as in the wrist or dorsal of the foot

29
Q

Headaches

A

Pain in the head from any cause

30
Q

Muscle Spasm

A

Increase in muscle tension with or without shortening that results in a rigid zone

31
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

Characterized by the progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles

32
Q

Repetitive Strain injury

A

Related to inefficient biomechanics, including general posture, sporting movements, and work habits

33
Q

Spasticity

A

Increased muscle tone and stiffness; resists stretching

34
Q

Posture Muscles

A
  1. Adductor Longus and Magnus
  2. Illiopsoas
  3. Lavatory Scapulae
  4. Lumbar Erector Spinae
  5. Oblique Abdominals
  6. Pectoral is Minor
    7.Piriformis
  7. Quadratics Lumborum
  8. Rectus Femoris
  9. Sternocleidomastoid
  10. Tensor Fascia Lata
  11. Upper Trapezius
35
Q

Type 1 Muscle Fibers

A

-able to sustain low-level muscle contractions
-darker red color
-high capacity to generate ATP
-High resistance to fatigue
-High Number of Mitochondria
-More prominent in postural muscles
-rich capillary supply
-slow twitch fibers
-tend to tighten and shorten when stressed
-uses aerobic metabolism

36
Q

Type 2 Muscle Fibers

A

-depends on anaerobic metabolism
-fast twitch fibers
-fatigue easily
-have fewer mitochondria
-larger fibers with more actin and myosin filaments
-lighter color
-more prominent in physic muscles
-produce powerful, fast contractions
-vulnerable to muscle strains and tendonitis

37
Q

Posterior

A

Behind or in back of

38
Q

Dialator

A

That which expands or enlarges

39
Q

Inferior

A

Situated lower

40
Q

Oblique

A

At an angle

41
Q

Levator

A

That which lifts

42
Q

Dorsal

A

Behind or in back of

43
Q

Superior

A

Situated above

44
Q

Medial

A

Pertaining to the middle or center

45
Q

Distal

A

Farther from the center or medial line

46
Q

Depressor

A

That which presses or draws down

47
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to the center or medial line

48
Q

Anterior

A

Before or in front of

49
Q

Extensor

A

To Straighten

50
Q

Class Levers

A

-Class 1 Lever: Load-Folcrum-Pull (bending head back)
-Class 2 Lever: Pull-Load-Folcrum (calf raises)
-Class 3 Lever: Load-Pull-Folcrum (bicep curls)

51
Q

Shape Classifications of a Muscle

A
  1. Parallel : (most) (fusiform) along the long axis of the bone
  2. Convergent: fibers spread like a fan from one small and spread out. Pull in several directions
  3. Spiral: twist between points of attachment
  4. Circular: rounded fiber arrangement
  5. Pennate: muscle fibers emerge diagonally from 1 or more central tendons.
52
Q

De Quervain Tenosynovitis

A

Inflammation of the tendinous sheath located on the radial side of the wrist

53
Q

Fibromyalgia Syndrome

A

Localized areas or tender points, widespread pain, joint stiffness, and fatigue, with affected person having no signs of inflammation or degeneration in the tissues

54
Q

Myofascial Pain Syndrome

A

Presence of trigger points and muscular pain

55
Q

Osgood-Schlatter disease

A

Involves patellar tendinitis at the tibial tuberosity in immature bone

56
Q

Plantar Fasciitis

A

Chronic inflammation of the fascia on the bottom of the foot

57
Q

Shin Splints

A

Pain along medial tibia

58
Q

Strain

A

When muscles or tendons become overstretched or torn

59
Q

Tendinitis

A

Inflammation of a tendon

60
Q

Torticollis

A

Spasms of the sternocleidmastoid

61
Q

Whiplash

A

Strain of the clavical spine, most commonly at the junction of the 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae

62
Q

Sherrington’s Law

A

When one set of muscles is stimulated, muscles opposing the action of the first are simultaneously inhibited.

63
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

a mechanism, in the spinal cord, in which pain signals can be sent up to the brain to be processed to accentuate the possible perceived pain, or attenuate it at the spinal cord itself.

64
Q

Proprioceptors

A

a sensory receptor which receives stimuli from within the body, especially one that responds to position and movement.

65
Q

Gogli Tendon

A

Junction between the muscle and the tendon

66
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

stretch receptors within the body of a skeletal muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle.

67
Q

Pain Spasm Pain Cycle

A

Pain>
voluntary muscle contraction >
circulatory retention of metabolites (heat, swelling, redness) >
involuntary spasm >
restricted movement >
dysfunction >

Anatomy (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions