Face/Neck/Trunk Test Prep Flashcards
3 types of Muscular Tissue
- Cardiac: heart
- Skeletal: bone attachment
- Smooth: internal organs
Anatomy Structures in Skeletal Muscles
- Connective Tissue,
- Muscle,
- Tendons,
- superficial and deep fascia
- Aponeurosis
- Retinacula
Functions of Skeletal Muscles
- Thermogenesis
- Stabilization of the body
- Movement of the body
Myofilaments that create a muscle contraction
- Thin filament: actin
- Thick filament: myosin
Number of Muscles in the body
640+
3 parts of a muscle
- Belly
- Origin
- Insertion
Excitation Definition for Muscle Contraction
Neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites on the motor end plate to cause an impulse that travelers through the T tubules into the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) that releases calcium ions that travel through the sarcoplasm into the sarcomeres.
Contraction Definition for Muscle Contraction
Calcium ions come into contact with the actin within the sarcomeres that stimulates the proponents and tropomyosin to expose myosin binding. Myosin attaches to the actin (cross bridging) and creates a power stroke. This action is continually repeated as long as ATP and calcium ions are present.
Extensibility Definition for Muscle Contraction
The ability for the muscle fibers to be stretched
Elasticity Definition for Muscle Contraction
The ability for muscle fibers to return to their pre contracted state.
Where ATP is produced
Mitochondria
Anaerobic glycosis
During muscle fatigue, the body can convert glycogen to glucose
First Stage:
- Oxygen is not used
- Starts really quick and ends within 30-60 sec
- Produces lactic acid
- lactic acid can be converted to glucose
- oxygen is used (heavy breathing) to process lactic acid
Aerobic Glycosis
During muscle fatigue, the body can convert glycogen to glucose
Second Stage:
- uses oxygen to produce the same as 36 ATP molecules
- expels carbon dioxide through mitochondrial cellular respiration
- continues as long as oxygen is available.
Gliding Filament Model (Simple Definition)
Muscle Contraction
All-or-none Response
- after a nerve impulse begins, it will be conducted at maximum capacity, without fluctuations in membrane potential and without any decrease in magnitude
- if the stimulus is sufficient, the muscle fibers associated with the motor unit will contract to their fullest extent
Tendon Definition
A cord of tough fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Muscle Strain Classifications
- Overstretch
- Minor Tear
- Major Tear
Isometric Contraction
- no movement occurs
- muscle length remains the same
- static contraction
Eccentric Contraction
- muscle lengthens and oppose concentric contractions
Concentric Contractions
- muscle shortens
Isotonic Contractions
- dynamic contractions
- involves movement
- includes both concentric and eccentric contractions
Origin
Attachment on less moveable bone
Insertion
Attachment on more moveable bone
Belly
Wide, central portion of the muscle that contains sarcomeres
Functional Reversibility
Occurs when muscles reverse their relationship between attachment sites and muscle organs move toward insertions
Agonist/Prime Mover
- primary muscle responsible for a specific movement
- causes desired muscle action
Antagonist
Lengthens muscle when agonist performs desired action
Synergist
Assists prime mover
Neutralizer
Cancels unwanted movement at the insertion
Fixator
Muscles that act to stabilize a body part
Unarticular
Crosses 1 joint
Biarticular
Crosses 2 joints
Multiarticular
Crosses 3 or more joints
Sarcomere
Basic units of muscle contraction
Myofibril
Slender strands in muscle fibers laying side by side
Tonus
Muscle tone
Atrophy
Muscle Wasting
Sherrington’s Law of Reciprocal Innervation
The inability for a contraction to happen in an antagonist when a prime mover is contracting
Proprioceptors
Areas of the body that relay messages about where the body part is within space such as the Golgi tendon organ and muscle spindles
Pain Spasm Pain Cycle
- The cycle of responses in the muscle fibers that continues unless intervened on my external force such as massage or ice bath
- Cycle:
>Neurotransmitters initiate spinal reflex causing muscle spasm
> increase tissue damage by decreased blood and oxygen supply
> Tissue Injury
> Nociceptor Activation
> Pain stimulus to spinal cord
> stimulus to brain
Gate Control Theory of Pain
The ability for the mind to receive messages of pain and to use methods to open or close other receptors for pain
Strain
Stress/Tear on tendon
Sprain
Stress/tear on ligament
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
- Skull
- hyoid
- vertebral column
- sternum
- ribs
Bones of the Cranium
- 1 frontal
- 2 parietal
- 2 temporal
- 1 occipital
- 1 sphenoid
- 1 ethmoid
Sutures
Fibrous joints between bones typically found in the skull
Hyoid (Special Characteristic)
Does not articulate directly with any other bone
Nuchal Ligament Location
- External pccipital protuberance to C7
- Connects all cervical vertebrae via spontaneous processes
Subluxation
Partial loss of contact between 2 articulating surfaces in a joint
Muscle regions that generally flex
- anterior side of trunk & upper extremity
- posterior side of lower extremity
- muscles running superior to inferior
Muscle regions that generally extend
- posterior side of trunk & upper extremity
- anterior side of lower extremity
- muscles running superior to inferior
Muscle regions that generally adduct
- medial side
Muscle regions that generally abduct
- lateral side
Muscle running _ generally rotate
Obliquely
Muscles generally have (#) actions
2
Muscles located on opposite sides of eachother
prime movers & antagonists
Movements that occur at the neck
- Flexion
_Sternocleidomastoid_
Scalenus anterior
Scalenus medius - Extension
Trapezius
*Splenius capitis *
Splenius cervicis
Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor
Oblique capitis superior
Longissimus - Lateral Flexion
Trapezius
Levator Scapulae
Scalenes
Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis
Oblique capitis superior - Rotation
Trapezius
_Sternocleidomastoid_
Scalenus anterior
Scalenus medius
Splenius capitis
Splenius cervicis
Rectus capitis posterior major
Oblique capitis inferior
Deglutition Muscles
Suprahyoid Muscles
- Digastric
- Mylohyoid
- Geniohyoid
- Stylohyoid
Infrahyoid Muscles
- Omohyoid
- Thyrohyoid
- Sternothyroid
- Sternohyoid
Muscles of Mastication & Temporomandibular Joint
- Masseter
- Temporalis
- Lateral Pterygoid
- Medial Pterygoid
Suboccipital Muscles
- Rectus capitis posterior major
- Rectus capitis posterior minor
- Oblique capitis inferior
- Oblique capitis superior
Galea Aponeurotica
- sheet of fascia that connects the frontalis with the occipitalis
Fascial Sphincter Muscle
Orbicularis oris
Risorius
- Latin for laughing
Digastric
- literally means 2 bellies
Sternocleidomastoid
Origin:
- Manubrium of the sternum
- Medial 1/3 of clavicle
Insertion:
- Mastoid Process
- Superior Nuchal Line
Actions:
- laterally flexes neck
- rotates the head to the opposite side
- flexes the neck
- elevates the sternum during forced inhalation
Anterior Scalenes
Origin:
- TP of C3-C6
Insertion:
- Rib 1 (superior surface)
Actions:
- flexes the neck
- lateral flexes the neck
- rotates the head
- elevates the 1st rib during forced inhalation
Middle Scalene
Origin:
- TP of C2-C7
Insertion:
- Rib 1 (superior surface)
Actions:
-
Posterior Scalene
Origin:
- TP of C5-C7
Insertion:
- Rib 2 (superior lateral surface)
Actions:
-
Splenius Capitis
Origin:
- Nuchal Ligament @ C3
-SP C7-T4
Insertion:
- Mastoid Process
- Superior nuchal line - lateral region
Actions:
-
Splenius Cervicus
Origin:
- SP of T3-T6
Insertion:
- TP of C1-C3
Actions:
-
Frontalis*
Insertion:
-
Actions:
- Raises Eyebrows
Occipitalis*
Insertion:
-
Actions:
- Allows movement over the scalp
Orbicularis Oculi
Insertion:
-
Actions:
- Closes the eyelid
- Winks
- Squints
- Blinks
Orbicularis Oris
Insertion:
-
Actions:
- Closes mouth
- protrudes lips
Zygomaticus Major*
Insertion:
-
Actions:
- Lifts corner of mouth upwards for smiling
Buccinator
Insertion:
-
Actions:
- Whistling
- Blowing a trumpet
Platysma
Insertion:
-
**Actions: **
- Tenses anterior neck as in shaving
Temporalis*
Insertion:
-
**Actions: **
- clench jaw
- Closes jaw
- Elevates jaw
- Retracts Jaw
Cranial Sutures
- Sagittal
- Squamosal
- Coronal
- Lambdoidal
Cranial Bones
- Ethmoid
- Frontal
- Occipital
- Parietal
- Sphenoid
- Temporal
Fascial Bones
- Lacrimal
- Mandible
- Nasal Bones
- Palatine
- Vomer bone
- Inferior Nasal Concha
- Maxillae
- Zygomatic
Cervical Vertebrae/Neck
- Atlantooccipital
- Axis
- Hyoid
Zygomaticus Minor*
Insertion:
-
Actions:
- sneer
- smile with teeth
Masseter*
Insertion:
-
Actions:
- elevates jaw
- protracts jaw
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor*
Origin:
- SP of C1
Insertion:
- Medial inferior nuchal line
Actions:
- extends the head
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major*
Origin:
- SP of C2
Insertion:
- lateral inferior nuchal line
Actions:
- extends head
- rotates the head
Rectus Abdominis
Origin:
- pubic symphysis
- pubic tubercle
Insertion:
- ribs 5-7
- xiphoid process
Actions:
-
External Oblique
Origin:
- anterior iliac crest
- abdominal fascia or aponeurosis
- pubic crest
Insertion:
- ribs 5-12
Actions:
-
Internal Oblique
Origin:
- iliac crest
- Thoracolumbar fascia
- inguinal ligament (lateral half)
Insertion:
- ribs 9-12
Actions:
-
Transverse Abdominis
Origin:
- ribs 7-12
- Thoracolumbar aponeurosis
- inguinal ligament
Insertion:
- abdominal aponeurosis
Actions:
-
Quadratus Lumborum
Origin:
- posterior iliac crest
Insertion:
- rib 12
- TP of L1-L4
Actions:
-
Semispinalis
Origin:
- TP of 1 vertebral segment (cervical and thoracic regions)
Insertion:
- b/w inferior and superior nuchal lines
- SP of 5th, 6th, 7th vertebral segments above
Actions:
-
Multifidus
Origin:
- TP of 1 vertebral segment
Insertion:
- SP of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th vertebral segments above
Actions:
-
Rotatores
Origin:
- TP of 1 vertebral segment
Insertion:
- SP of the 1st or 2nd vertebral segment above
Actions:
-
Spinalis
Origin:
- SP of C7,
- Nuchal ligament
- SP of upper/lower lumbar/thoracic vertebrae
Insertion:
- SP of C2 and upper thoracic
- occipital bone
Actions:
-
Longissimus
Origin:
- Posterior Sacrum
- TP of T1-T5
- TP of L1-L5
TP of C5-C7
Insertion:
- Mastoid Process
- TP of C2-T12
- Ribs 4-12 (posterior surface)
Actions:
-
Iliocostalis
Origin:
- Posterior Iliac Crest
- Posterior sacrum
- ribs 3-12 (posterior surface)
Insertion:
- ribs 1-12 (posterior surface)
- TP of C4-C7
Actions:
-
Diaphragm
Origin:
- T12-L2
- Ribs 6-12
- Sternum (xiphoid process)
Insertion:
- central tendon
Actions:
-
External Intercostals
Origin:
- inferior border of rib (above)
Insertion:
- superior border of rib (below)
Actions:
-
Internal Intercostals
Origin:
- Superior border of rib (below)
Insertion:
- inferior border of rib (above)
Actions:
-
Serratus Posterior Superior*
Origin:
- SP of C7-T3
Insertion:
- ribs 2-5
Actions:
-
Serratus Posterior Inferior*
Origin:
- SP of T11-L2
Insertion:
- ribs 9-12
Actions:
-
Pectoralis Minor*
Insertion:
-
Actions:
-
Pectoralis Major*
Insertion:
-
Actions:
-
Trapezius*
Insertion:
-
Actions:
-
Rhomboids Major*
Insertion:
-
Actions:
-
Rhomboids Minor*
Insertion:
-
Actions:
-
Serratus Anterior*
Insertion:
-
Actions:
-
Serratus Posterior Inferior*
Insertion:
-
Actions:
-
Serratus Posterior Superior*
Insertion:
-
Actions:
-