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Anatomy > Face/Neck/Trunk Test Prep > Flashcards

Face/Neck/Trunk Test Prep Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of Muscular Tissue

A
  1. Cardiac: heart
  2. Skeletal: bone attachment
  3. Smooth: internal organs
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2
Q

Anatomy Structures in Skeletal Muscles

A
  1. Connective Tissue,
  2. Muscle,
  3. Tendons,
  4. superficial and deep fascia
  5. Aponeurosis
  6. Retinacula
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3
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscles

A
  • Thermogenesis
  • Stabilization of the body
  • Movement of the body
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4
Q

Myofilaments that create a muscle contraction

A
  1. Thin filament: actin
  2. Thick filament: myosin
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5
Q

Number of Muscles in the body

A

640+

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6
Q

3 parts of a muscle

A
  1. Belly
  2. Origin
  3. Insertion
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7
Q

Excitation Definition for Muscle Contraction

A

Neurotransmitters bind to receptor sites on the motor end plate to cause an impulse that travelers through the T tubules into the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) that releases calcium ions that travel through the sarcoplasm into the sarcomeres.

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8
Q

Contraction Definition for Muscle Contraction

A

Calcium ions come into contact with the actin within the sarcomeres that stimulates the proponents and tropomyosin to expose myosin binding. Myosin attaches to the actin (cross bridging) and creates a power stroke. This action is continually repeated as long as ATP and calcium ions are present.

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9
Q

Extensibility Definition for Muscle Contraction

A

The ability for the muscle fibers to be stretched

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10
Q

Elasticity Definition for Muscle Contraction

A

The ability for muscle fibers to return to their pre contracted state.

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11
Q

Where ATP is produced

A

Mitochondria

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12
Q

Anaerobic glycosis

A

During muscle fatigue, the body can convert glycogen to glucose
First Stage:
- Oxygen is not used
- Starts really quick and ends within 30-60 sec
- Produces lactic acid
- lactic acid can be converted to glucose
- oxygen is used (heavy breathing) to process lactic acid

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13
Q

Aerobic Glycosis

A

During muscle fatigue, the body can convert glycogen to glucose
Second Stage:
- uses oxygen to produce the same as 36 ATP molecules
- expels carbon dioxide through mitochondrial cellular respiration
- continues as long as oxygen is available.

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14
Q

Gliding Filament Model (Simple Definition)

A

Muscle Contraction

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15
Q

All-or-none Response

A
  • after a nerve impulse begins, it will be conducted at maximum capacity, without fluctuations in membrane potential and without any decrease in magnitude
  • if the stimulus is sufficient, the muscle fibers associated with the motor unit will contract to their fullest extent
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16
Q

Tendon Definition

A

A cord of tough fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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17
Q

Muscle Strain Classifications

A
  1. Overstretch
  2. Minor Tear
  3. Major Tear
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18
Q

Isometric Contraction

A
  • no movement occurs
  • muscle length remains the same
  • static contraction
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19
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A
  • muscle lengthens and oppose concentric contractions
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20
Q

Concentric Contractions

A
  • muscle shortens
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21
Q

Isotonic Contractions

A
  • dynamic contractions
  • involves movement
  • includes both concentric and eccentric contractions
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22
Q

Origin

A

Attachment on less moveable bone

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23
Q

Insertion

A

Attachment on more moveable bone

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24
Q

Belly

A

Wide, central portion of the muscle that contains sarcomeres

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25
Q

Functional Reversibility

A

Occurs when muscles reverse their relationship between attachment sites and muscle organs move toward insertions

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26
Q

Agonist/Prime Mover

A
  • primary muscle responsible for a specific movement
  • causes desired muscle action
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27
Q

Antagonist

A

Lengthens muscle when agonist performs desired action

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28
Q

Synergist

A

Assists prime mover

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29
Q

Neutralizer

A

Cancels unwanted movement at the insertion

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30
Q

Fixator

A

Muscles that act to stabilize a body part

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31
Q

Unarticular

A

Crosses 1 joint

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32
Q

Biarticular

A

Crosses 2 joints

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33
Q

Multiarticular

A

Crosses 3 or more joints

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34
Q

Sarcomere

A

Basic units of muscle contraction

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35
Q

Myofibril

A

Slender strands in muscle fibers laying side by side

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36
Q

Tonus

A

Muscle tone

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37
Q

Atrophy

A

Muscle Wasting

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38
Q

Sherrington’s Law of Reciprocal Innervation

A

The inability for a contraction to happen in an antagonist when a prime mover is contracting

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39
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Areas of the body that relay messages about where the body part is within space such as the Golgi tendon organ and muscle spindles

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40
Q

Pain Spasm Pain Cycle

A
  • The cycle of responses in the muscle fibers that continues unless intervened on my external force such as massage or ice bath
  • Cycle:
    >Neurotransmitters initiate spinal reflex causing muscle spasm
    > increase tissue damage by decreased blood and oxygen supply
    > Tissue Injury
    > Nociceptor Activation
    > Pain stimulus to spinal cord
    > stimulus to brain
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41
Q

Gate Control Theory of Pain

A

The ability for the mind to receive messages of pain and to use methods to open or close other receptors for pain

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42
Q

Strain

A

Stress/Tear on tendon

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43
Q

Sprain

A

Stress/tear on ligament

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44
Q

Bones of the Axial Skeleton

A
  • Skull
  • hyoid
  • vertebral column
  • sternum
  • ribs
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45
Q

Bones of the Cranium

A
  • 1 frontal
  • 2 parietal
  • 2 temporal
  • 1 occipital
  • 1 sphenoid
  • 1 ethmoid
46
Q

Sutures

A

Fibrous joints between bones typically found in the skull

47
Q

Hyoid (Special Characteristic)

A

Does not articulate directly with any other bone

48
Q

Nuchal Ligament Location

A
  • External pccipital protuberance to C7
  • Connects all cervical vertebrae via spontaneous processes
49
Q

Subluxation

A

Partial loss of contact between 2 articulating surfaces in a joint

50
Q

Muscle regions that generally flex

A
  • anterior side of trunk & upper extremity
  • posterior side of lower extremity
  • muscles running superior to inferior
51
Q

Muscle regions that generally extend

A
  • posterior side of trunk & upper extremity
  • anterior side of lower extremity
  • muscles running superior to inferior
52
Q

Muscle regions that generally adduct

A
  • medial side
53
Q

Muscle regions that generally abduct

A
  • lateral side
54
Q

Muscle running _ generally rotate

A

Obliquely

55
Q

Muscles generally have (#) actions

A

2

56
Q

Muscles located on opposite sides of eachother

A

prime movers & antagonists

57
Q

Movements that occur at the neck

A
  • Flexion
    _Sternocleidomastoid_
    Scalenus anterior
    Scalenus medius
  • Extension
    Trapezius
    *Splenius capitis *
    Splenius cervicis
    Rectus capitis posterior major
    Rectus capitis posterior minor
    Oblique capitis superior
    Longissimus
  • Lateral Flexion
    Trapezius
    Levator Scapulae
    Scalenes
    Splenius capitis
    Splenius cervicis
    Oblique capitis superior
  • Rotation
    Trapezius
    _Sternocleidomastoid_
    Scalenus anterior
    Scalenus medius
    Splenius capitis
    Splenius cervicis
    Rectus capitis posterior major
    Oblique capitis inferior
58
Q

Deglutition Muscles

A

Suprahyoid Muscles
- Digastric
- Mylohyoid
- Geniohyoid
- Stylohyoid
Infrahyoid Muscles
- Omohyoid
- Thyrohyoid
- Sternothyroid
- Sternohyoid

59
Q

Muscles of Mastication & Temporomandibular Joint

A
  • Masseter
  • Temporalis
  • Lateral Pterygoid
  • Medial Pterygoid
60
Q

Suboccipital Muscles

A
  • Rectus capitis posterior major
  • Rectus capitis posterior minor
  • Oblique capitis inferior
  • Oblique capitis superior
61
Q

Galea Aponeurotica

A
  • sheet of fascia that connects the frontalis with the occipitalis
62
Q

Fascial Sphincter Muscle

A

Orbicularis oris

63
Q

Risorius

A
  • Latin for laughing
64
Q

Digastric

A
  • literally means 2 bellies
65
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Origin:
- Manubrium of the sternum
- Medial 1/3 of clavicle
Insertion:
- Mastoid Process
- Superior Nuchal Line
Actions:
- laterally flexes neck
- rotates the head to the opposite side
- flexes the neck
- elevates the sternum during forced inhalation

66
Q

Anterior Scalenes

A

Origin:
- TP of C3-C6
Insertion:
- Rib 1 (superior surface)
Actions:
- flexes the neck
- lateral flexes the neck
- rotates the head
- elevates the 1st rib during forced inhalation

67
Q

Middle Scalene

A

Origin:
- TP of C2-C7
Insertion:
- Rib 1 (superior surface)
Actions:
-

68
Q

Posterior Scalene

A

Origin:
- TP of C5-C7
Insertion:
- Rib 2 (superior lateral surface)
Actions:
-

69
Q

Splenius Capitis

A

Origin:
- Nuchal Ligament @ C3
-SP C7-T4
Insertion:
- Mastoid Process
- Superior nuchal line - lateral region
Actions:
-

70
Q

Splenius Cervicus

A

Origin:
- SP of T3-T6
Insertion:
- TP of C1-C3
Actions:
-

71
Q

Frontalis*

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
- Raises Eyebrows

72
Q

Occipitalis*

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
- Allows movement over the scalp

73
Q

Orbicularis Oculi

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
- Closes the eyelid
- Winks
- Squints
- Blinks

74
Q

Orbicularis Oris

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
- Closes mouth
- protrudes lips

75
Q

Zygomaticus Major*

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
- Lifts corner of mouth upwards for smiling

76
Q

Buccinator

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
- Whistling
- Blowing a trumpet

77
Q

Platysma

A

Insertion:
-
**Actions: **
- Tenses anterior neck as in shaving

78
Q

Temporalis*

A

Insertion:
-
**Actions: **
- clench jaw
- Closes jaw
- Elevates jaw
- Retracts Jaw

79
Q

Cranial Sutures

A
  1. Sagittal
  2. Squamosal
  3. Coronal
  4. Lambdoidal
80
Q

Cranial Bones

A
  1. Ethmoid
  2. Frontal
  3. Occipital
  4. Parietal
  5. Sphenoid
  6. Temporal
81
Q

Fascial Bones

A
  1. Lacrimal
  2. Mandible
  3. Nasal Bones
  4. Palatine
  5. Vomer bone
  6. Inferior Nasal Concha
  7. Maxillae
  8. Zygomatic
82
Q

Cervical Vertebrae/Neck

A
  1. Atlantooccipital
  2. Axis
  3. Hyoid
83
Q

Zygomaticus Minor*

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
- sneer
- smile with teeth

84
Q

Masseter*

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
- elevates jaw
- protracts jaw

85
Q

Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor*

A

Origin:
- SP of C1
Insertion:
- Medial inferior nuchal line
Actions:
- extends the head

86
Q

Rectus Capitis Posterior Major*

A

Origin:
- SP of C2
Insertion:
- lateral inferior nuchal line
Actions:
- extends head
- rotates the head

87
Q

Rectus Abdominis

A

Origin:
- pubic symphysis
- pubic tubercle
Insertion:
- ribs 5-7
- xiphoid process
Actions:
-

88
Q

External Oblique

A

Origin:
- anterior iliac crest
- abdominal fascia or aponeurosis
- pubic crest
Insertion:
- ribs 5-12
Actions:
-

89
Q

Internal Oblique

A

Origin:
- iliac crest
- Thoracolumbar fascia
- inguinal ligament (lateral half)
Insertion:
- ribs 9-12
Actions:
-

90
Q

Transverse Abdominis

A

Origin:
- ribs 7-12
- Thoracolumbar aponeurosis
- inguinal ligament
Insertion:
- abdominal aponeurosis
Actions:
-

91
Q

Quadratus Lumborum

A

Origin:
- posterior iliac crest
Insertion:
- rib 12
- TP of L1-L4
Actions:
-

92
Q

Semispinalis

A

Origin:
- TP of 1 vertebral segment (cervical and thoracic regions)
Insertion:
- b/w inferior and superior nuchal lines
- SP of 5th, 6th, 7th vertebral segments above
Actions:
-

93
Q

Multifidus

A

Origin:
- TP of 1 vertebral segment
Insertion:
- SP of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th vertebral segments above
Actions:
-

94
Q

Rotatores

A

Origin:
- TP of 1 vertebral segment
Insertion:
- SP of the 1st or 2nd vertebral segment above
Actions:
-

95
Q

Spinalis

A

Origin:
- SP of C7,
- Nuchal ligament
- SP of upper/lower lumbar/thoracic vertebrae
Insertion:
- SP of C2 and upper thoracic
- occipital bone
Actions:
-

96
Q

Longissimus

A

Origin:
- Posterior Sacrum
- TP of T1-T5
- TP of L1-L5
TP of C5-C7
Insertion:
- Mastoid Process
- TP of C2-T12
- Ribs 4-12 (posterior surface)
Actions:
-

97
Q

Iliocostalis

A

Origin:
- Posterior Iliac Crest
- Posterior sacrum
- ribs 3-12 (posterior surface)
Insertion:
- ribs 1-12 (posterior surface)
- TP of C4-C7
Actions:
-

98
Q

Diaphragm

A

Origin:
- T12-L2
- Ribs 6-12
- Sternum (xiphoid process)
Insertion:
- central tendon
Actions:
-

99
Q

External Intercostals

A

Origin:
- inferior border of rib (above)
Insertion:
- superior border of rib (below)
Actions:
-

100
Q

Internal Intercostals

A

Origin:
- Superior border of rib (below)
Insertion:
- inferior border of rib (above)
Actions:
-

101
Q

Serratus Posterior Superior*

A

Origin:
- SP of C7-T3
Insertion:
- ribs 2-5
Actions:
-

102
Q

Serratus Posterior Inferior*

A

Origin:
- SP of T11-L2
Insertion:
- ribs 9-12
Actions:
-

103
Q

Pectoralis Minor*

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
-

104
Q

Pectoralis Major*

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
-

105
Q

Trapezius*

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
-

106
Q

Rhomboids Major*

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
-

107
Q

Rhomboids Minor*

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
-

108
Q

Serratus Anterior*

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
-

109
Q

Serratus Posterior Inferior*

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
-

110
Q

Serratus Posterior Superior*

A

Insertion:
-
Actions:
-

Anatomy (9 decks)

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