Micturition And Urinalysis Flashcards
How do horse ureter differ from other animals
Secrete calcium carbonate mucus into the urine to increase viscosity
What is the function of the ureter
Conduit for urine flow
At what angle does the ureter enter the bladder and at which point. + what is the purpose of the angle
Oblique and Proximal - reduces urinary reflux (acts like a valve)
At bladder trigone (base)
What type of epithelium line the bladder
Transitional
What is the function of bladder epithelium
Have rugae for bladder stretch
Maintain GFR
Reduces back pressure on kidney
What bladder sphincter is under voluntary control
External urinary sphincter
What are the smooth muscle fibres in the walls of the bladder called and what is the function
Detrusor muscle
Contract to push urine out
Describe the stages of bladder emptying
Contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of renal pelvis
Bladdder fills up slowly
Ureters compressed
Internal urethral sphincter keeps urethral opening closed
Bladder fills, stimulating stretch nerve endings
Cause detrusor muscle contraction
What are the positive feedback mechanisms in bladder emptying
Detrusor muscle contracts, pressure increases in Bladder, IUS relaxes, urine flows throughcausing tension at bladder neck, EUS relaxes
Sensory cells stimulated, parasympathetic fibres fire to detrusor muscle, increasing contraction to fully empty bladder
How can large animals be provoked to urinate
Whistling and vulva stimulation
How are ruminants provoked to urinate
Stress
How can small animals be provoked to urinate
Trans abdominal compression
What do you look for in urinalysis
Colour + turbidity (cloudiness)
Concentration
PH
Any microscopic cells or sediments
Name 4 ways urine can be collected
Free catch
Manual expression
Catheterisation
Cystocentesis
What is cystocentesis
Collection of urine from bladder itself with needle
What device do you use to test urine specific gravity (concentration)
Refractometer
What does a refractometer evaluate
Renal function by assessing water excretion or conservation
What do you test for with dipstick analysis
PH
What is the purpose of staining in urinalysis
Clarity to differentiate between sediments - identity different types of bladder calculi (stones)
How can you more accurately identify bladder calculi
Sedimentation
