Fertile Female

Question 1

what is the female germ cell

Answer 1

oocyte

Question 2

what are the stages of oogenisis

Answer 2

primordial germ cell undegoes meiosis (before birth) to make a primary follicle
meiosis is halted

At puberty: forms follicle by associating with stromal cell

meiosis is completed and 1st polar body is formed

2nd meiosis starts - produces mature follicle

ovulation

Question 3

what cells regulate oocyte development

Answer 3

granulosa cells

Question 4

what is the function of Theca cells

Answer 4

line follicle preventing blood from entering (prevents WBC from phagocytosing oocyte

Question 5

describe the structure of a Graafian (mature) follicle

Answer 5

inner oocyte
has follicular fluid
internal granulosa cells
surrounded by theca cells

Question 6

what protects the oocyte in a follicle

Answer 6

zona pellucida made of glycoproteins

Question 7

what is the function of follicular fluid

Answer 7

increase follicle size for ovulation

Question 8

what triggers granulosa cell proliferation

Answer 8

Theca cell bind to LH

Question 9

why do granulosa cells proliferate

Answer 9

secrete oestrogen
bind to LH - which triggers more oestrogen release
which causes even more proliferation

Question 10

Describe the stages of ovulation of menstruation

Answer 10

• GnRH released from hypothalamus causes surge in hypothalamus (puberty)
• triggers LH surge
• meiosis resumes in oocyte
• granulosa cells loosen from zona pellicuda
• blood flow increases to follicle (increasing size)
• granulosa cells stop producing oestrogen and start producing progesterone
  -oocyte leaves follicle (ruptures) as Corpus Hemorrhagicum
• passes down uterine tube
• develops to corpus luteum
• some granulosa cells remain around oocyte as corona radiata
  corpus luteum secretes progesterone (inhibits GNRH secretion)

Question 11

what is the name of the ruptured follicle

Answer 11

corpus hemorrhagicum

Question 12

what happens to left over granulosa cells (that dont form corona radiata)

Answer 12

become large luteal cells

Question 13

what happens to left over theca cells after follicle rupture

Answer 13

become small luteal cells

Question 14

name the stages of the oestrous cycle

Answer 14

Pro-oestrus
Oestrus
Dioestrus (metoestrus)
Anoestrus

Question 15

what hormone is dominant during the pro-oestrus stage

Answer 15

oestrogen

Question 16

what is the oestrus stage

Answer 16

female allows itself to be mated ‘heat’

Question 17

what hormone is dominant in the Dioestrus stage and why

Answer 17

progesterone so is no longer fertile (corpus luteum development)

Question 18

what is the Anoestrus stage

Answer 18

period between cycles with little/no ovarian activity

Question 19

what type of oestrus cycle do dogs have

Answer 19

monoestrus (1 per year)

Question 20

what type of oestrus cycle do horses have

Answer 20

seasonally polyestrus

Question 21

what type of oestrus cycle do cows have

Answer 21

polyestrus

Question 22

what occurs during the luteal phase

Answer 22

ovum travels to the uterus
if no fertilisation, leutolysis occurs:
PGF2a produced which trigger large luteal cells to synthesise oxytocin
causes vasoconstriction of corpus luteum so it dies

Question 23

Does progesterone stop follicle development?

Answer 23

no

Question 24

how does follicle recruitment and development work in animals that have multiple offspring?

Answer 24

many follicles recruited and selected, then many can become dominant

Question 25

how does follicle recruitment and development work in cows?

Answer 25

many follicles recruited and selected, only 1 dominant

Question 26

what hormone causes follicle recruitment and selection

Answer 26

FSH

Question 27

what hormone causes follicle selection and dominance

Answer 27

LH

Question 28

what is superfacundation

Answer 28

ability to have large litters with multiple fathers due to lack of leutiolysis
(in dogs)