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Unit 6 > "Microscopic Anatomy Respiratory System Scott Blystone" GABY > Flashcards

"Microscopic Anatomy Respiratory System Scott Blystone" GABY Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory System Functions

A
  • Conduction of air
  • Conditioning of air
  • Gas exchange
  • Host defense
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2
Q

Inspiration

A

Active at rest through contraction of external intercostals and diaphragm

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3
Q

Expiration

A

Passive at rest through the elastic recoil properties of the connective tissue in the lungs and chest wall

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4
Q

Air Conditioning

A
  • Inspired air is filtered to prevent entry of pathogens or irritants
  • Inspired air is warmed and humidified to promote gas exchange and to prevent tissue damage due to cold air or desiccation
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5
Q

Gas Exchange

A

• Highly specialized epithelia
– Maximize surface area
– Minimize diffusion distance

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6
Q

Respiratory Epithelia

A

• Conducting Portion
– pseudostratified columnar with cilia

• Respiratory Portion (Gas Exchange)
– simple squamous

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7
Q

Respiratory Epithelia

A
  • *Ciliated pseudostratified columnar cells
  • *Mucous goblet cells
  • *Brush cells (sensory receptors)
  • Basal cells (regenerative)
  • Granule cells (neuroendocrine)

*extend to apical lumen

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8
Q

Mucociliary elevator

A
  • Coordinatedbeatingof cilia toward exit
  • Particlestrappedin mucous floating on aqueous layer
  • Cilia deeper into respiratory tract than goblet cells to prevent retrograde flow
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9
Q

Kartagener syndrome

A
  • dynein dysfunction
  • no ciliary beating
  • respiratory infections
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10
Q

Conducting Portion

A 
• Nasal Cavity 
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Bronchioles 
– Regular
– Terminal
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11
Q

Nasal Cavity (Vestibule)

A

– transition from keratinized to respiratory epithelium
– Sebaceous and sweat glands
– Vibrissae for filtration

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12
Q

Fossae of Nasal Cavity

A

• Chambers in skull separated by septum
– 3 Conchae, bony projections covered with epithelium
– 3 Meati, spaces between conchae

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13
Q

Nasal Meati and Conchae

A 
• Dense venous plexus 
– warmth & humidity
• Inferior&Middle
– ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithlium
• Superior
– olfactory epithelium
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14
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A 
• 10 sq. cm. Of superior conchae
• Supportingcells
– microvilli NOT cilia 
– apical nuclei
• Olfactorycells
– bipolar neurons, basal nuclei
• Basalcells
– regenerative, basal
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15
Q

Paranasal Sinus

A
  • Chambers in bones of skull lined with respiratory epithelium
  • Connected to nasal cavity via small passages
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16
Q

Larynx

A 
• Connects pharynx and trachea
• Epiglottis prevents food entering trachea
• Vocal cords permit phonation
– Vestibular fold 
– True vocal cord
17
Q

Vestibular Fold (false vocal cord)

A
  • Respiratory Epithelium
  • Serous glands in lamina propria
  • Lie superior to vocal cords
  • No dense ligaments
  • No skeletal muscle
18
Q

Vocal Cords

A 
• Phonation
– vocal ligament (fibroelastic)
– vocalis muscle (skeletal)
• Stratified squamous epithelium
– abrasion resistance
19
Q

Laryngeal cartilage

A
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid
  • Subject to ossification
20
Q

Trachea

A
  • 10 cm tube connecting larynx and bronchi
  • ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Goblet cells, mixed serous and mucous glands
  • Limited elastic fibers
  • 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage connected dorsally by smooth muscle and fibroelastic ligament
21
Q

Bronchi

A

• One primary bronchi per side
• 3 lobar bronchi in right lung, 2 in left lung
• Branches of lobar bronchi are small bronchi
• Histologically similar to trachea, however:
• Cartilage is in irregular plates
• Smooth muscle in irregular bands
– postmortem constriction induces folds

22
Q

Conducting Bronchioles

A

• Regular and Terminal
• NO cartilage
• Epithelial transition to ciliated simple columnar/cuboidal
• Increase in smooth muscle for ventilation control
• Few goblet cells or glands
• Clara cells take over secretory function
• Regular:
– mostly columnar with folded intima
• Terminal:
– cuboidal with no folding

23
Q

Respiratory Portion

A 
• Bronchioles 
– Respiratory
• Alveolar 
– Ducts
– Sacs
– Alveoli
24
Q

Respiratory Bronchiole

A

• Histologically identical to terminal bronchiole
– some cilia remain on cuboidal epithelium
• Outpockets of alveoli in bronchiolar walls permits gas exchange

25
Q

Alveolar Ducts and Sacs

A
  • Air passage completely lined with alveolar openings
  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • NO cilia or clara cells
  • Alveolar Sacs are common space share by multiple alveolar openings
26
Q

Alveolar Cusps

A

• At common alveolar openings (sacs, ducts), there are knoblike projects containing innervated smooth muscle for regulation of pulmonary ventilation

27
Q

Alveolar septum

A 
• Diffusion path for gas (IN)
– surfactant
– epithelium
• (two membranes + cytoplasm)
– epithelial basal lamina
– endothelial basal lamina
• fused as one basement membrane
– endothelium
• (two membranes + cytoplasm)
– red blood cell membrane
28
Q

Alveolar Cells

A 
• Type II
– surfactant source 
– regenerative
• Type I
– 8% by number, 97% by surface area
• Endothelial
• Dust
• RBC
• Fibroblasts, Mast cells
29
Q

Alveolar macrophage

A
  • Dust cells
  • Found from capillary to alveolar space
  • Bone marrow origin, differentiate on site
  • Critical to host defense against inspired pathogens or irritants
30
Q

Acellular alveolar features

A 
• Acellular interstitium
– type III collagen, elastic fibers, proteoglycans
– critical for pulmonary mechanics
• Pores of Kohn
– equalize air pressure between alveoli
– promotes collateral air circulation
31
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

• Nutrient (systemic)
– Brings oxygen and nutrients to lung tissue
– Found in submucosa

• Functional (pulmonary)
– Blood from pulmonary artery to be oxygenated
– thin walled, low pressure
– follows bronchial tree
– branches to capillaries at sites of gas exchange

32
Q

Pulmonary Host Defense

A

• Acid-Base Balance
– Regulate CO2 , short term pH regulator
• Metabolic
– Pulmonary capillary endothelium
• Inactivate bradykinin, serotonin, acetylcholine, etc
• Convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
• Immunologic
– Cellular
• vibrissae, muco-ciliary elevator, alveolar macrophages
– Humoral
• BALT (Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue)
• Immunoglobulins A and E
• Monitor for specific antigens in the respiratory tree
– Mast cells reactive to allergens

33
Q

Pleura

A

– serous membrane which encapsulates entire lung
– fusion of parietal and visceral layers at hills
– mesothelial layer

34
Q

Innervation

A

– both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
– regulation of bronchial dilation (ventilation)
– poorly localized pain responses

Unit 6 (32 decks)

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