"Microbiology/Immunology Vaccines" SANA Flashcards
What is an adjuvant?
A compound that increases the immunogenicity of an antigen
Match the following:
- Passive immunization
- Active immunization
- Live-attenuated
a. weakened virus that can have limited replication
b. gives immediate resistance to an infection
c. inducing immune response to pathogens via antigen immunization
1-b
2-c
3-a
What is the phenomena where enough individuals immunized allows for the slowing or halting of an infection?
Herd immunity
Why are some vaccinations for infants delayed?
Some vaccinations require the infant to catch an infection. Thus if the infant is too young, the mother’s antibodies will prevent the baby from getting the infection and developing immunity.
What is a similar trend that followed once diphtheria, polio and measles vaccines were introduced?
These diseases all reduced drastically in prevalence.
What is the difference between DPT, DTaP and Tdap?
These are all diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccines. However, DTP is the older vaccine using whole, killed pertussis. DTaP uses the acellular components, while Tdap is a reduced concentration used in adolescents and adults.
Why was the DPT discontinued?
It was using the whole killed pertussis, which induced a very strong immune response that often lead to fever (some being severe).
does DTaP contain a toxin or a toxoid?
Toxoid: killed pertussis components.
What does DTaP use as an adjuvant?
Aluminum salts
What is the disease death rate in diphtheria and tetanus?
1/20 dead
Is the oral polio vaccine a live attenuated strain or an inactivated polio strain?
Live-attenuated
Which of the following correctly describes the MMR vaccine?
a. live-attenuated
b. Killed, components
a
What is the MMR vaccine not given to infants earlier than 12-15 months of age?
Because infants then carry maternal antibodies that keep the vaccine virus from growing
What is a major concern for pregnant women who have rubella?
Birth defects in their babies
Why is recommended that women planning on becoming pregnant are tested for the rubella antibody titer?
To make sure that the women are vaccinated against rubella, which can cause birth defects if the mother is infected during pregnancy.
Name 5 issues with the Andrew Wakefield paper in the Lancet that claimed that MMR vaccines cause autism
- Three of the nine children did not have autism and only one had regressive autism.
- 5 of the children have preexisting developmental issues
- Some children actually showed behavioral problems months after vaccination instead of days
- Unremarkable colonic histopathology results were changed to read ‘non-specific colitis’
- Wakefield was recruited by the law firm representing parents in a suit against the pharmaceutical company making the vaccine.
Is thimersol still used in vaccines today?
No
What is the death rate among those infected with measles?
1/3000
What are some other diseases that arise with measles?
Otitis media, pneumonia, severe CNS
What do the vaccines cervarix and gardasil protect against? and who do they protect?
Protection against HPV (Cervarix: types 16/18; Gardasil: types 6/11/16/18) for both males and females
The HPV vaccination is recommended starting at what age?
age 11 or 12 for girls.
How is rabies transmitted to humans?
Bite from infected animal
In the United States, which animals are we most likely to get rabies from?
Bats and raccoons as domestic animals are mostly vaccinated.
For post-exposure to rabies in non-immunized individuals, how many vaccinations are given?
four: one on each days 0, 3, 7, and 14
For post-exposure to rabies in immunized individuals, how many vaccinations are given?
Two: one on each days 0 and 3
What are the three rabies post-exposure prophylaxis?
RIG: Rabies Immune Globulin
HDCV: human diploid cell rabies vaccine
PCECV: purified chick embryo cell vaccine
