"Microscopic Anatomy Blood Ira Ames" SANA Flashcards
Name the formed elements of the blood
Erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets
Match the following blood proteins with their functions:
Albumin, gamma globins, fibrinogen, complement proteins
- inflammation and destruction of microorganisms
- blood clotting
- osmotic blood pressure maintenance and transport
- Antibodies
Albumin- 3
Gamma globins- 4
fibrinogen- 2
complement proteins- 1
What is the hematocrit?
Percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.
What is the hematocrit percentage in women? in men?
41% in women
45% in men
Name the layers and the component that appear after centrifugation of blood in a hematocrit tube.
Lowest layer: red blood cells: about 41-45 %
middle: buffy coat with leukocytes and platelets: 1%
highest layer: blood plasma, a little more than 50%
Arrange the following components of blood in the order that they would layer up in a hematocrit tube after centrifugation, from highest to lowest:
a. leukocytes and platelets
b. plasma
c. red blood cells
b–>a–>c
Your patient is _______ when her hematocrit falls below 41%
anemic
If you find that your patients buffy coat is expanded to about 10%. What are possible pathologies in this patient?
The patient can have a systemic infection like sepsis or a malignancy of the blood
____________ are bioconcave discs without nuclei
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
What are three factors that influence the ability of rbc’s to change shape?
geometry, cytoplasmic viscosity (hemoglobin concentration) and plasma membrane properties
What are two advantages of having a bioconcave shape?
Larger surface-to-volume ration than a sphere and facilitates gas exchange.
The membrane skeleton of rbcs is composed of structures that help it deform and stabilize against shearing forces. What are the three proteins that accomplish this?
Spectrin, actin and protein 4.1
Which of the following does red blood cell contain?
a. nuclei
b. ribosomes
c. mitochondria
d. endoplasmic reticulum
e. golgi complex
f. lysosome
g. plasma membrane
g, red blood cells do not contain the other structures.
Name six normal cellular structures that the red blood cell does NOT contain.
nuclei, ribosomes,mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosome
____________ is responsible for cytoplasmic viscosity and eosinophilia in red blood cells
Hemoglobin
How many heme groups are there in one hemoglobin?
4
How many iron atoms are required for one hemoglobin?
4
What is the function of hemoglobin?
Transportation of gases (O2 to tissues and CO2 to pulmonary alveoli)
Insufficient iron in the diet can lead to which type of anemia?
Iron deficiency anemia
Normal hemoglobin consists of how many polypeptide chains? What are they?
4: two identical alpha chains and two identical beta chains.
A minor form of hemoglobin is HbA2. Describe its polypeptides.
4 total polypeptides with two alpha chains and two delta chains
Describes the structure of HbF and how it differs from HbA
HbF has two alpha chains and two gamma chains while HbA has two alpha chains and two beta chains
which type of hemoglobin is produced during the intrauterine period?
HbF
In what polypeptide chain does the mutation for sickle cell disease occur?
beta polypeptide
Sickle cell disease leads to all of the following EXCEPT:
a. rbcs have reduced lifespan
b. rbcs are inflexible
c. anemia
d. increased biconcavity
e. increased blood viscosity leading to ischemia
d
What happens to HbS during low O2?
It becomes insoluble and crystallizes out.
What is the average lifespan for an erythrocyte?
120 days
In which organs are erythrocytes removed from circulation?
Spleen, liver and bone marrow
At higher elevation the concentration of erythrocytes in blood _________ compared to sea level.
Increase; to compensate for reduced amount of O2 at high elevations
Erythrocytes are removed from circulation by __________
Macrophages
What measure can be used to estimate the rate of erythropoesis?
A reticulocyte count
Why are reticulocytes stained with cresyl blue?
Because they contain a small amount of ribosomal RNA in their cytoplasm
What are reticulocytes?
Young rbcs recently released from bone marrow
Name the agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
Name the granulocytes.
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Which leukocytes have specific cytoplasmic granules?
Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
How many leukocytes are present per ul of our blood?
6000-10,000/ul
Which is the most frequent leukocyte?
neutrophils
Arrange the following leukocyte in order of most prevalent to least.
eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils,
Which of the following are is NOT a useful way in which reticulocyte counts can be used?
a. diagnosis and classification of anemias
b. monitor treatment of anemias
c. monitor bone marrow regeneration
d. monitor hemopoietic restoration after erythropoietin therapy
e. diagnose infections
e:
reticulocyte count is very good at measuring rate of erythrocyte production and all the diseases that affect that measure.
Upon observation of the a blood smear you spot cells that are lobed, heterochromatic, with no nucleoli and salmon-pink cytoplasm. What is this cell?
Neutrophil
What types of granules are present in neutrophils?
Specific (80%) and azurophilic (20%)
What is responsible for the salmon-pink color of the neutrophils?
The specific granules
What are the two main functions of PMNs?
Phagocytosis and killing of bacteria
How do specific granules in neutrophils help phagocytize contents in the phagosomes?
They discharge lysozyme and lactoferrin (iron-binding protein)
What cells are predominant in pus?
Neutrophils, since they die to become pus
True or false? neutrophils have cell motility and chemotaxis
True
What is netosis?
Netosis is a mechanism used by neutrophils whereby a net-like structure is capable of trapping microbes
How do the azurophilic granules contribute to phagocytosis?
They fuse with phagosomes to form secondary lysosomes.
Aside from utilizing its granules, name 4 other ways in which neutrophils kill bacteria.
- formation of superoxide anions
- release of microvesicles with antibacterial activity
- production of cytokines
- netosis: net-like structures to trap microbes.
Upon observation of the a blood smear you spot cells that have biloed nucleus, with large eosinophilic specific granules and no azurophilic granules. What is this cell?
Eosinophils
Which leukocytes have major basic proteins?
Eosinophils
How are eosinophils able to kill larvae of parasites?
Using major basic proteins
What are the 4 mechanisms through which eosinophils infiltrate bronchial mucosa and cause asthma?
- bronchoconstriction
- excess mucus secretion
- inflammation
- airway remodeling
Which cell phagocytosis antigen-antibody complexes?
Eosinophils
Which mediators of inflammation do eosinophils inactive?
Histamine and anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
You encounter cells that are not very segmented in their nuclear lobes and nucleus is overshadowed by intense granules staining azure B. What is this cell?
Basophil
What are the granules of basophils rich in?
Heparin, histamine and SRS-A
Which leukocyte plays a major role in hypersensitivity and delayed hypersensitivity reactions?
Basophils
True or false? Basophils and masts cells are the same
FALSE, they are different
You encounter cells that have no granules, stain pale blue and have a heterochromatic nucleus. What is this cell?
Lymphocyte
What are the 3 functional classes of lymphocytes?
T cells, B cells and Natural killer cells
