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bspharma2 > Micropara Diseases/cause > Flashcards

Micropara Diseases/cause Flashcards

1
Q

Bartonella sp stain

A

Whartin starry silver impregnation stain

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2
Q

Bartonella bacilliformis

A

Oroya fever - initial
Verruga peruana - eruptive stage

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3
Q

Bartonella henslae

A

Cat scratch disease

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4
Q

Bartonella quintana

A

Trench fever / quintan fever

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5
Q

Streptobacillus moniliformis

A

Rat bite fever

Haverhill fever

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6
Q

Trophyryma whipplei

A

Whipplei disease

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7
Q

Unusual bacteria pathogens

A

Bartonella
Streptobacillus moniliformis
Trophyryma whipplei

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8
Q

Obligate intracellular arthropod-borne bacteria

A

Ricketsiaceae
Anaplasmataceae
Coxiellaceae

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9
Q

Rickettsia prowazekii

A

Louse borne typhus
Brill zinsser disease

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10
Q

Rickettsia typhi

A

Murine typus
Fleaborne

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11
Q

Rickettsia tsutsugamushi

A

Scrub typhus
Mite borne

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12
Q

Rickettsia rickettsii

A

Rocky mountain spotted fever
Tick

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13
Q

Rickettsia conorii

A

Fiever boutonneuse
Tick
Tache noire
Black spot

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14
Q

Rickettsia sibirica

A

Siberian tick typhus

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15
Q

Rickettsia akari

A

Rickettsial pox
Mite

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16
Q

Rickettsia australis

A

Queensland tick typhus

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17
Q

Ehrlichia and anaplasma

A

Resemble chlamydia

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18
Q

Ehrlichia chaffeensis

A

Human monocyte ehrlichiosis
Tick

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19
Q

Ehrlichia ewingii

A

Ewingii Ehrlichiosis
Tick

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20
Q

Anaplasma phagocytophylium

A

Human granulocyte anaplasmosis
Tick

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21
Q

Coxiella burnetti

A

Q fever

Gram negative- but cannot be stained
Airborne, fomite, ticks

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22
Q

Mycobacteria

A

Rod shape, obligate aerobe
Cannot be classified as gram - or +

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23
Q

Acid fast

A

Resist discoloration by acid or alcohol

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24
Q

Mycobacteria members

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
“ leprae
“ Avium complex (M avium intracellulare)
“ bovis

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25
Q

Mycobacterium tubrculosis

A

Koch’s disease

Pulmonary TB
Spinal TB / Pott’s disease
Miliary TB

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26
Q

Mycobacterium tubrculosis culture medium

A

Inscipitated egg
Loweinstein - Jensen

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27
Q

Mycobacterium tubrculosis
Responsible for acid fastness

A

Lipids

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28
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
spread in host (3 ways)

A

Direct extension
Lymphatic spread - regional lymphnodes
Hematogenous spread- to all organs

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29
Q

Mycobacterium tubrculosis
Diagnosis

A

TST- tuberkulin skin test (mantoux test)
Acid Fast Smear - Ziehl Nielsen method
CXR
Gene Xpert MTB/RIF

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30
Q

Mycobacterium tubrculosis
1st Line Agents

A

H- isoniazid
R- rifampicin
Z- pyrazinamide
E- ethambutol

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31
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

Leprosy
Hansen’s disease

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32
Q

Hansen’s disease
Leprosy

A

Lepromatous- progressive & malignant
Tuberculoid- benign & nonprogressive

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33
Q

Mycobacterium leprae
Leprosy / Hansen’s Disease
treatment

A

Dapsone (doc)

Lepromatous - dapsone+rifampicin+clofazimine

Tuberculoid- dapsone+rifampicin

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34
Q

Mycobacterium avium complex

A

M Avium Intracellulare

One of the mosst common oppurtunistic infection in parients with AIDS & cystic fibrosis

Chest CT: tree in bud pattern

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35
Q

Mycobacterium bovis

A

Causes TB like disease
Source of BCG (bacillus calmette-guerin)

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36
Q

Beta Lactams antibiotics

A

Inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems

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37
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Kill bacteria and fight infections

Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin
Ofloxacin

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38
Q

Typical pneumonia

A

Limited to lungs
Respond to beta lactams

S. Pneumoniae
H. Influenzae

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39
Q

Atypical pneumonia

A

Systemic findings
Does not respond to beta lactams
More severe

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila
Chlamydophila pneumoniae

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40
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

Legionnaires disease- atypical pneumonia
Pontiac fever- self limiting

Pneumonia outbreak in american legion convention
Fastidious aerobic gram -

BCYE - buffered charcoal yeast extract agar with a-ketoglutarate, L-cysteine & iron

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41
Q

Mycoplasma sp

A

Smallest organisms
Requires sterol
Horse Serum and Yeast Extract (fried egg appearance)

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42
Q

Mycoplasma pneumaniae

A

Walking pneumonia
There may be blood streaked sputum

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43
Q

Mycoplasma hominis

A

Post partum fever

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44
Q

Ureaplasma urealyticum

A

Non gonococcal, non chlamydial urethritis in men

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45
Q

Mycoplasma genetalium

A

Chronic non gonococcal urethritis, cervicitis, endometritis, salpingitis, infertility

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46
Q

Spirochetes

A

Endoflagella (axial filaments)
Reproduce by tranverse fission (strobilization) asexual

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47
Q

Spirochetes members

A

Spirochaetaceae- treponema, borreilia
Leptospiraceae- leptospira

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48
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

Venereal - Syphilis (std)
Non Venereal - Bejel & Yaws

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49
Q

Syphilis acquired STD

A

Primary: hard chancre
Secondary: Condyloma lata
Latent: up to 10y
Tertiary: Gummas
Neurosyphilis
Aortic aneurism

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50
Q

Syphilis congenital

A

Hutchinsons triad: hutchinsons teeth, interstitial keratitis, sensorineural hearing loss

Saddle nose
Saber shin
Schapoid scapula

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51
Q

Treponema pallidum diagnosis

A

Non Treponemal test: screening, measure antibodies to cardiopilin (released by damaged cells)

 RPR- rpaid plasma reagin
 TRUST- toluidine red unheated serum test

Treponemal test: confirmatory
TP-PA- T. pallidum particle agglutination
FTA ABS- fluorescent treponemal antibody absorbed

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52
Q

Treponema pallidum diagnosis

A

Non Treponemal test: screening, measure antibodies to cardiopilin (released by damaged cells)

 RPR- rpaid plasma reagin
 TRUST- toluidine red unheated serum test

Treponemal test: confirmatory
TP-PA- T. pallidum particle agglutination
FTA ABS- fluorescent treponemal antibody absorbed

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53
Q

Treponema pallidum treatment

A

Pen. G

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54
Q

Treponema pallidum treatment

A

Pen. G

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55
Q

Jarisch Herxheimer reaction

A

Response to lipoproteins released by dying T. Pallidum organisms
Self limiting

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56
Q

Paul Ehrlich
Cure for syphilis

A

Arsphenamine / Salvarsan

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57
Q

Bejel

A

Caused by T. Pallidum ssp: endemicum
aka endemic syphilis
Oral lesions
Shared utensils

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58
Q

Yaws

A

Caused by T. Pallidum ssp: pertenuae
Direct contact

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59
Q

Borreilia recurentis

A

Relapsing fever
3-10 recurrences
Bacteria is in the blood during febrile stage but not during afebrile stage

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60
Q

Borreilia burgdorferi

A

Lyme disease
“Dart Target”

Ixodes tick

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61
Q

Lyptospira interrogans

A

Worldwide zoonosis
Sheds bacteria in the urine

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62
Q

Anecteric leptospirosis

A

Biphasic

Leptospiremia: 3-7days, acute phase
Leptospiruria: up to 1mo, immune phase

Self limiting

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63
Q

Icteric leptospirosis

A

Weil Symdrome
Triad of hemorrhage, jaundice & acute kidney injury

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64
Q

Leptospirosis treatment

A

Doxycycline
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin

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65
Q

Aerobic Non spore forming gram positive bacilli members

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae
Listeria monocytogenes
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Actinomycetes:
Nocardia
Actinomycetoma

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66
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae

A

Clubbed shaped, resemble chinese letters or palisades

Transmission: droplet or contact

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67
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae toxins

A

Fragment A: inhibits polypeptide chain elongation (arrest protein synthesis)

Fragment B: binds to host cell for receptor mediated endocytosis

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68
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae diagnosis

A

Dacron swab

Culture: tellurite medium, Loffler serum

Identification: babes/ernst/volutin/metachromic granules

Red when stained with methylene blue
Beaded appearance

Elek test: to determine wether the organism is able to produce Diptheria Toxin

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69
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae findings

A

Respiratory diptheria: bull neck

Cutaneous diptheria: membrane may form on an infected wound that fails to heal

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70
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae
treatment & prevention

A

Penicillin, macrolides
Antitoxin

Diphtheria toxoid in DPT

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71
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Can survive red temp 4•C, low pH, high salt
Foodborne
Tumble end over end motility

Umbrella growth pattern

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72
Q

Listeria monocytogenes
Findings

A

Perinatal listeriosis:
Granulomatosis infantiseptica- early onset
Neonatal meningitis- late onset

Adult listeriosis:

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73
Q

Erysipelothrix rhusiophatiae

A

H2S producing

Causes Erysipeloid in humans
Seal/whale finger
Raised, well circumscribed, violaceous

Causes Erysipelas in swine

Culture media: triple sugar iron - black colonies

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74
Q

Actinomycetes

A

Tends to form chains or filaments
With occasional branches

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75
Q

Truly acid fast

A

Mycobacterium

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76
Q

Weakly acid fast

A

Nocardia

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77
Q

Non acid fast

A

Streptomyces
Corynebacterium
Actinomadura

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78
Q

Nocardia

A

Filamentous with hyphae like branching
Contain mycolic acid that are shorter than those of mycobacteria

Nocardiosis: through inhalation
Oppurtunistic infection in corticosteroid treatment, organ transplantation, AIDS, & alcoholism

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79
Q

Nocardia
Nocardiosis treatment

A

Cotrimoxazole (doc)

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80
Q

Mycetoma (madura foot)
Causative agents

A

Actinomadura
Madurae
Streptomyces somaliensis
Actinomadura pelletieri
Nocardia asteroides
N. brasiliensis

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81
Q

madura foot treatment

A

Combination of:
Streptomycin
Trimethoprim
Sulfametoxazole
Dapsone

Amputation

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82
Q

Spore forming gram positive bacilli

A

Bacillus
Subtilis- bacitracin
Polymyxa- polymyxin
Anthracis
Cereus

Clostridium
Botulinum
Tetani
Perfeinges

Clostrioides defficile

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83
Q

Bacillus anthracis

A

Anthrax

Poly-y-d-gluthamic acid:

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84
Q

Bacillus anthracis toxins

A

Protective Antigen: PA
binds to specific receptors
mediates entry of EF & LF
Edema Factor:
w/ PA, forms edema toxin
Lethal Factor:
w/ PA, forms lethal toxin
major virulence factor

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85
Q

Bacillus anthracis findings

A

1- Cutaneous Anthrax
2- Inhalational Anthrax: woolsorter’s disease
3- Gastrointestinal Anthrax
4- Injection Anthrax

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86
Q

Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax treatment

A

Must be started early
Ciprofloxacin

Raxibacumab- treatment and prophylaxis against inhalational anthrax

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87
Q

Bacillus cereus

A

Food poisoning

Emetic type:
Due to emetic toxin

Diarrheal type:
Due to enterotoxin

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88
Q

Clostridium sp.

A

Large spore forming anaerobic gram positive motile (peritrichous) bacilli
With swollen sporangium
Many decompose proteins or form toxins or both
Saphrophytic

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89
Q

Clostridium sp. members

A

C. botulinum
C. tetani
C. perfringes

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90
Q

Clostridium botulinum transmission

A

Spiced, smoked, vacuum packed or canned alkaline foods that are eaten without cooking
Tissue contamination with spores (wound botulism)

Honey- for infant botulism)

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91
Q

Clostridium bitulinum
Snare proteins

A

Proteins that allow the fusion of vesicles and plasma membrane

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92
Q

Snare Proteins 2 types

A

V-snare:
In the vesicles
Synaptobrevin

T-snare:
In the target plasma membrane
Syntaxin
SNAP- 25

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93
Q

Clostridium botulinum findings

A

Flaccid paralysis
Floppy baby syndrome

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94
Q

Clostridium botulinum
treatment and prevention

A

Medical ventilator
Anti toxin

Cook canned goods before eating
Di not eat bulging canned goods

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95
Q

Clostridium tetani toxin

A

Found in soil dust, animal, manure
Spores through wounds

Tetanospasmin:
Larger peptide- binds to receptor
GABA
Smaller peptide- degrades synaptobrevin
VAMP2

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96
Q

Clostridium tetani findings

A

Spastic paralysis
Trismus / lockjaw
Risus sardonicus / sardonic smile
Opisthotonos / hyperarching of the back
Death from interference of respiration

Neonatal tetanus- cutting of umbelical cord with contaminated instruments

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97
Q

Clostridium tetani findings

A

Spastic paralysis
Trismus / lockjaw
Risus sardonicus / sardonic smile
Opisthotonos / hyperarching of the back
Death from interference of respiration

Neonatal tetanus- cutting of umbelical cord with contaminated instruments

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98
Q

Clostridium tetani
treatment
Prevention

A

Penicillin
Mescle relaxants
Sedation
Mechanical ventilator
Antitoxin

Active immunization with toxoids
Aggresive wound care
Prophylactic use of antitoxin
Administration of penicillin

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99
Q

Clostridium perfringes toxins

A

Alpha toxin:
Hydrolyzes lecithin to phosphorylcholine

Theta toxin:
A hemolysin- forms pores

Epsilon toxin:
Causes edema, hemorrhage

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100
Q

Clostridium perfringes enzymes

A

DNAse
Hyaluronidase
Collagenase

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101
Q

Clostridium perfringes findings

A

Gas gangrene / Clostridal myonecrosis

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102
Q

Clostridium perfringes
Clostridal Myonecrosis/Gas Gangrene treatment

A

Prompt & extensive surgical debridement
Excission of devitalized tissue
Penicillin
Hyperbaric oxygen
Amputation

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103
Q

Clostrioides defficile

A

Pseudomembranous colitis

 Microabscesses in patients who have diarrhea & have been given antibiotics (ampicillin, clindamycin, fluoroquinolones)
 May be watery or bloody & frequently has abdominal cramps, leukocytosis and fever
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104
Q

Enterobacteriaceae

A

Enteric gram negative bacilli- coliforms
Facultative anaerobes or anaerobes
Catalase + & oxidase -

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105
Q

IMViC test

A

Indole test: detects ability to produce indole
Methyl Red: to produce acids
Voges-proskauer: to produce acetoin
Citrate: to utilize citrate

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106
Q

Ability to ferment lactose
Mediums

A

Eosin methylene blue
MacConkey
Deoxycholate

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107
Q

Rapid Lactose Feementers

A

Klebsiella
Escherichia
Enterobacter

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108
Q

Late Lactose Fermenters

A

Edwardsiella
Serratia
Citrobacter
Arizona
Providencia
Erwinia

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109
Q

Non Lactose Fermenters

A

Pathogenic pathogens
Salmonella arizonae
Shigella except sonnei
Yersinia enterocolitica

Oppurtunistic pathogens
Proteus
Morganella

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110
Q

Enterobacteriaceae members

A

Eacherichia
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Serratia
Proteus
Morganella
Providencia
Citrobacter
Shigella
Salmonella
Yersinia

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111
Q

Enterobacteriaceae antigenic structure

A

O Antigen:
Most external part of cell wall
Resistant to heat & alcohol

K Antigen:
External to O antigen
Associated with virulence

H Antigen:
Located on flagella
Denatured bu heat & alcohol

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112
Q

Escherichia coli findings

A

Most common cause of UTI
Sepsis
Meningitis
Diarrheal diseases

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113
Q

Escherichia coli
5 types of diarrheal disease

A

EPEC- enteropathogenic - infants
ETEC- enterotoxigenic - traveller’s
STEC- shiga toxin
EIEC - enteroinvasive - same w/ shigellosis
EAEC - enteroaggreagative- 14days duration

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114
Q

Klebsiella pneumoniae

A

Friedlander’s bacillus
Capsule is made up of K antigens
Polysaccharide

Hospital Acquired Pneumonia

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115
Q

Klebsiella granulomatis

A

Formerly Calymmatobacterium granulomatis

Granuloma inguinale / Donovanosis
STD
Chronic genital ulcerative disease
Pseudobuboes
(subcutatneous granuloma)

Treatment: Azithromycin

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116
Q

Enterobacter cloacae
Enterobacter aerogenes

A

Cause hospital acquired infections
Pneumonia
UTI
Wound and device infections

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117
Q

Serratia marcescens

A

Common oppurtunistic pathogen in hospitalized patients
Causes:
Pneumonia
Bacteremia
Endocarditis

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118
Q

Proteus mirabilis
Proteus vulgaris

A

Causes infections in humans when the bacteria leave the intestinal tract
Causes:
UTI, bacteremia, focal lesions in debilitated patients or those receiving contaminated IV infusions

Produce urease
Hydrolyzes urea with liberation of ammonia
Urine becomes alkaline promoting stone formation and making acidification virtually impossible

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119
Q

Providencia

A

Members of the normal intestinal microbiota
Cause UTI

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120
Q

Citrobacter

A

Causes UTI & Sepsis pricipally among debilitated patients

Associated with meningitis in infants <2mos

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121
Q

Shigella

A

Transmission:
Food, fingers, feces and flies

Findings: Shigellosis
Bacillary dysentery/bloody diarrhea

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122
Q

Shigella toxin

A

Exotoxin
Heat labile
Antigenic
Enterotoxic: dysentery
Neurotoxic: meningitis, coma

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123
Q

Shigelliosis treatment

A

Self limited

For severe infections:
Ceftriaxone
Ciprofloxacin

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124
Q

Salmonella

A

Peritrichous
Usually produce H2S
Pathogenic when acquired by oral route

125
Q

Salmonella transmission

A

From animals to animal products to humans

126
Q

Salmonella diagnosis

A

Culture medium:
bismuth sulfite agar- black colonies

Widal test: tube dilution agglutination test
Typhidot

127
Q

Salmonella findings

A

Typhoidal salmonella:
Causes typhoid fever
Typhi
Paratyphi A, B, & C

Non Typhoidal salmonella:
Do not cause typhoid fever
The rest

128
Q

Salmonella findings

A

Enteric fever (typhoid fever)
Produced by S serotype typhi

Bacteremia
Associated with S serotype choleraesuis

Enterocolitis
Most common manifestation of salmonella infection
S. typhimurium & S. enteritidis prominent
Usually resolves in 2-3days

129
Q

Salmonella treatment

A

Azithromycin (PO)
Parenteral 3rd gen Cephalosporin
(Ceftriaxone) or Fluoroquinolones

130
Q

Salmonella treatment

A

Azithromycin (PO)
Parenteral 3rd gen Cephalosporin
(Ceftriaxone) or Fluoroquinolones

131
Q

Yersinia pestis

A

Bipolar staining (more stained ends than middle)
Wright, Giemsa, Wayson, or Methylene Blue stain

132
Q

Yersinia pestis transmission

A

Rodent to rodent
Rodent to humans by the bites of fleas

133
Q

Yersinia pestis pathogenesis

A

Bubonic plague
Pathogens reached the lymphatics
Septicemic plague
Reached the bloodstream
Pneumonic plague
Pathogens are inhaled

134
Q

Yersinia pestis findings

A

Plague (black death of medieval europe)

Bunonic plague:
enlarged tender nodes (buboes) in the
neck, groin, or axillae

Septicemic plague:
Necrosis of extremities

Pnemonic plague:
Severe respiratory distress

135
Q

Yersinia pestis treatment

A

Streptomycin
Gentamycin
Doxycycline

136
Q

Yersinia enterocolitica

A

Gastroenteritis or mesenteric lumphadenitis after ingestion of contaminated food or water

137
Q

Other gram negative bacilli

A

Vibrio
Campylobacter jejuni
Pseudomonas aeroginosa
Burkholderia sp.

138
Q

Vibrio sp.

A

Most common bacteria in surface waters worldwide

Comma shaped, curbed aerobic rods with polar flagellum

Halo tolerant, halophilic

139
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

Culture medium: TCBS Thiosulfate Citrate
Bile Sucrose agar
Oxidase +
Caused 6 pandemics
One of the most feared diseases that occurs after natural disasters

140
Q

Vibrio cholerae toxins

A

Heat labile, acid labile enterotoxin:
Prolonged hypersecretion of water & electrolytes
Increased Na+ dependent Cl- secretion

141
Q

Vibrio cholerae findings

A

Cholera:
Sudden onset of nausea & vomiting
Rice water stools (20-30L) a day
Not invasive

142
Q

Cholera treatment

A

Doxycycline
Tetracycline

143
Q

Vibrio parahaemolytics

A

Causes acute gastroenteritis after ingestion of contaminated seafood
Raw fish or shell fish

144
Q

Vibrio vulnificus

A

Causes severe wound infections, bacteremia, & gastroenteritis after Oyster consumption

145
Q

Campylobacter jejuni

A

Comma, S, or gull-wing shape with polar flagellum
Microaerophilic
Oxidase & catalase +

Culture: Skirrows medium (reduced O2 & added CO2)

146
Q

Campylobacter jejuni findings

A

Campylobacteriosis
Acute onset of crampy abdominal pain
Profuse diarrhea may be grossly bloody

 Post diarrheal Guellain-Barre Syndrome
      Ascending paralytic disease
 
 Reactive arthritis / Reiter Syndrome
147
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

Spiral shaped, gram- Lopotrichous rod
Microaerophilic
Oxidase & catalase +
Produces Urease

Culture: skirrows medium

148
Q

Helicobacter pylori pathogenesis

A

Protease modifies the gastric mucus & increases the ability of acid to diffuse through the mucus
Urease produce ammonia that buffers gastric acid
Multiplies and cause inflammation

149
Q

Helicobacter pylori diagnosis

A

Urease activity

Gastric biopsy
Urea breath test

150
Q

Helicobacter pylori findings

A

Gastritis with hypochlorydia
Most common cause of Peptic ulcer disease
Gastric adenocarcinoma
Gastric mucusa associated lymphoid tissue
MALT lymphoma

151
Q

Helicobacter pylori treatment

A

Triple therapy:
PPI+ Clarithromycin+ Amoxicillin
PPI+ Clarithromycin+ Metronidazole
PPI: proton pump inhibitor 4-6 weeks

Quadruple therapy:
PPI+Bismuth Subsalicylate+
Metronidazole+Tetracycline

PPI+Clarithromycin+
Metronidazole+Amoxicillin

152
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Gram-, obligate aerobic rods, produce water soluble pigments

Culture:
Fluorescent greenish+sweet/grape - taco like odor

153
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa pigments

A

Pyoverdine - green
Pyocyanin - non fluorescent blue
Pyorubin - dark red
Pyomelqnin- brown-black pigment

154
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
antigenic structure

A

Pili/Fimbriae: attachment
Exotoxin A: tissue necrosis, major virulence factor

155
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
antigenic structure

A

Pili/Fimbriae: attachment
Exotoxin A: tissue necrosis, major virulence factor

156
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenesis

A

When inteoduced to areas devoid of normal defences
Wouds, iv catheters, urinary catheters
Attaches and colonizes mucus membrane
LPS causes oliguria
Forms biofilms in the lumen of catheters

157
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa findings

A

Infection of wounds and burns
Giving rise to blue green pus
Meningitis
UTI- due to catheters
Necrotizing pnemonia- due to respirators
Sepsis
Ecthyma gangrenosum
Hemorrhagic necrosis of skin surrounded by erythema & has no pus
Hot tub follicolitis

158
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa treatment

A

Extended spectrum penicillin (piperacillin) + aminoglycoside (tobramycin)

159
Q

Burkholderia sp

A

B. Pseudomallei:
Causes meliodosis / Whitmore’s Disease

B. cepacia:
Endocarditis, septicemia, wound & UTI

160
Q

Gram - coccobacilli

A

Haemophilus sp
Bordetella sp
Brucella sp
Francisella sp
Pasteurella sp

Pleomorphic- occuring in distinct forms
Early stage- coccobacilli
Later stage- rods

161
Q

Gram - cocci

A

Neiserria
Moraxella catarrhalis
Chlamydia sp

162
Q

Haemophilus sp

A

Found in mucous membranes
Upper reapiratory tract

Enrich medium:
Chocolate agar plate

163
Q

A. aphrophilus

A

Formerly called
H. aphrophilus
H. paraphrophilus

164
Q

Aggregatibacter segnis

A

Formerly H. segnis

165
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

Pfiffer’s bacillus

6 types polysaccharide capsule (A-F)
Type B- polyribitol ribose phosphate (PRP)
Major virulence factor

166
Q

Haemophilus influenzae findings

A

Most common cause (pre vaccine era):
Bacterial meningitis (children 5mo-5yo)
Community acquired pneumonia

Second most common cause:
Otitis media
Acute sinusitis
Acute epiglotitis
Requires prompt trachaeostomy or
intubation

167
Q

Haemophilus influenzae
Treatment &
Prevention

A

3rd gen Cephalosporins (ceftriaxone,
cefatoxime)
Carbapenems

Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib)
Conjugated vaccine to children

168
Q

Haemophilus parainfluenzae

A

Most common haemophilus species isolated from the cases of HACEK endocarditis

169
Q

HACEK group

A

Haemophilus sp
Aggregatibacter (formerly Actinobacillus) sp
Cardiobacterium sp
Eikenella corrodens
Kingella kingae

Normally reside in oral cavity
Cause severe systemic infections

170
Q

Haemophilus aegyptius

A

Koch-Weeks bacillus

Associated with highly communicable form of conjuctivitis (Pinkeye) in children

171
Q

Haemophilus ducreyi

A

Causes Chancroid (soft chancre)
STD
ragged ulcer on genetalia
Enlarged & painful lymphnodes

Treatment:
1g Azithromycin PO

172
Q

Bordetella pertussis

Enriched medium

A

Bordet Gengou medium
Potato blood glycerol agar + penicillin

Reagan Lowe medium
Charcoal horse blood cephalexin
ampothericin B

173
Q

Bordetella pertussis
Virulence factors

A

Filamentous hemagglutinin & fimbriae
For adhesion and colonization

Pertussis toxin
Promotes lymphocytosis, sensitization to
histamine, enhanced insulin secretion

Tracheal cytotoxin & Lipooligasaccharide
Damage & kills respiratory ciliated
ephithelial cells, resulting in the inability to
move mucus

174
Q

Bordetella pertussis findings

A

Pertussis ( whooping cough)

Catarrhal stage (after 2nd wk incubation)
Mild coughing, sneezing
Highly infectious but not very ill

Paroxysmal stage
Explosive cough with whoop upon
inhalation
Lymphocytosis

Convalescence stage
Slow

175
Q

Bordetella pertussis
Treatment
Prevention

A

Erythromycin for Catarrhal stage
O2 inhalation & sedatiob to prevent anoxic damage

DPT- whole inactivated pertussis vaccine
Dtap- acellular pertussis vaccine
Fewer side effects, most expensive
Tdap- smaller concentration of diphtheria
toxiods & pertussis antigen

176
Q

Brucella sp

A

Zoonotic
Obligate intracellular parasites to humans and animals

177
Q

Brucella sp members

A

B. melitensis - goats, has mutiple serovars
B. suis- swine
B. abortus- cattle
B. canis- dogs

178
Q

Brucella sp transmission

A

Inocculation
Inhalation
Ingestion
Contact

179
Q

Brucella sp findings
Treatment

A

Humans:

Brucellosis
Undulant fever / Malta fever

Fever in the afternoon w/c falls at night

Animals:
Abortion- due to erythritol in animal placenta

Doxycycline+ streptomycin+gentamycin
Doxycycline+ rifampicin

180
Q

Staphylococci members

A

Aureus
Epidermidis
Saphrophyticus

Gram + Grapelike clusters
Produce catalase, converts h2o2 to h2o & o2
Slowly ferment many carbs, produce lactic
acid and not gas
Relatively resistant to drying,
heat withstand 50•C for 30mins
& 10% NaCl

181
Q

BAP hemolysis

A

Alpha- greenish or brown
Beta - clear zone (complete hemolysis)
Gamma - no change

182
Q

Mannitol salt agar

A

S. epidermidis - red
S. aureus - yellow

183
Q

S. aureus enzymes

A

Coagulase
Clots oxalated or citrated plasma
Clumping factor
Adheres organisms to fibrin & fibrinogen

184
Q

S. aureus toxins

A

Hemolysins-
Exfoliative toxin- scalded skin syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-
Enterotoxin- cause food poisoning

185
Q

S. aureus transmission

A

Direct or indirect contact

186
Q

S. aureus findings

A

Furuncle / carbuncle (cluster of boils)
Impetigo / pyoderma
Bacteremia
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
Scalded skin syndrome

187
Q

S. aureus
Furuncle / carbuncle

A

Localized abscess
Established in hair follicles lead to tissue necrosis
Coagulase coagulates fibrin resulting in wall formation
Liquifaction occurs in the center of the lesion
Enhanced by delayed hypersensitivity

188
Q

S. Aureus
Impetigo / pyoderma

A

Local infection of superficial layers of skin specially in children
Superficial vesicles-postules-erosion covered with pus- yellow /brown honey colored crust
Highly communicable specially in hot humid climate

189
Q

S. aureus
Bacteremia

A

Suppuration (abscess) occurs in others parts causing:
Endocarditis
Osteomyelitis- suppuration in blood
vessels
Meningitis
Pneumonia

190
Q

S. aureus
food poisoning

A

Incubation: 1-8h
Nausea, vomiting, no fever

191
Q

S. aureus
Toxic shock syndrome

A

Scarlatiniform rash
Often within 5days after the onset of menses in young women using high absorbancy tampoons

192
Q

S. aureus
Scalded skin syndrome

A

Short lived flaccid bullae & exfoliation of superficial skin layers
(+) Nikolsky Sign

193
Q

S. aureus
Scalded skin syndrome

A

Short lived flaccid bullae & exfoliation of superficial skin layers
(+) Nikolsky Sign

194
Q

S. aureus treatment

A

Furuncles/carbuncles
Antiseptic
Drainage

Bacteremia
IV beta lactamase resistant penicillin
MRSA- vancomycin
VRSA- linezolid, streptogramins

195
Q

S. aureus antibiotic resistance

A

Beta lactamase
Hydrolyzes b-lactam antibiotics
Give- beta lactamase resistant penicillin
(Nafcillin, methicillin, oxacillin)

MecA gene
Resistant to beta lactamase resistant penicillin due to low affinity PBPs
Give- give Vancomycin

196
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis

A

Causes 75% of coagulase negative staphylococcal infections
Causes diseases in immunocompromised patients
Infects orthopedic & cardiovascular prosthetic devices

197
Q

Staphylococcus saphrophyticus

A

Relatively common cause of UTI in young women

198
Q

Streptococci

A

Gram+ cells arranged in chains
Mostly facultative anaerobes
Do not produce catalase

199
Q

Quellung reaction

A

German word for swelling
Antibodies bind to bacterial capsule to make it more opaque
Optochin sensitivity:
Sensitive: S.pneumoniae
Resistant: Veridans streptococci

200
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

aka pneumococci
Diplococci or streptococci, lancet shaped
Has polysaccharide capsule

Capsule: 91 types, major virulence factor

Diagnosis: Quellung reaction
(VR: capsular swelling)

201
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae
epidemiology

A

Most common cause of
Community acquired pneumonia
Otitis media
Acute sinusitis
Bacterial meningitis

202
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae findings

A

Community acquired pneumonia
Sudden onset
Fever, chills, sharp pleural pain, bloody
rusty colored sputum
Bacteremia from pneumonia
Triad of
Meningitis, endocarditis, septic arthritis

203
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae
treatment
prevention

A

Parenteral b-lactams
Ampicillin
Cefatoxime
Ceftriaxone
Cefuroxime

PPSV23 pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine containing 23 types
PCV13 pneumococcal conjugated vaccine containing 13 types

204
Q

Veridans streptococci

A

Most prevalent members of the normal microbiota of the upper respiratory tract
Important for the healthy state of mucous membrane
Optichin resistant
Not soluble in bile (deoxycholate)
May reach bloodstream as a result of trauma
Principal cause of endocarditis on abnormal heart valves

205
Q

Veridans streptococci groups

A

S. Mitis group
S. Anginosus group
S. Mutans group
S. Salivarius
S. Bovis group

206
Q

Veridans streptococci findings

A

Dental carries
Due to large polysaccharide (dextrans,
levans from aucrose
Synthesized by S. Mutans

Acute endocarditis
Rapid deatruction of valves

Subacute endocarditis
Slowly progressive

207
Q

Beta hemolytic
Bacitracin sensitivity

A

GABHS - sensitive - S. pyogenes
GBS - resistant - S. agalactiae

208
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes
antigenic structure

A

M Protein
major virulence factor
filamentous structure
resist phagocytosis
basis of immunity to GABHS
>150 types can have repeatitive infections
Induce antibodies that react with human
cardia sarcolemma

209
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes enzymes

A

Streptokinase (fibrinolysin)
transform plasminogen to plasmin, which
digest fibrin allowing bacteria to scape
From blood clots

Deoxyribonuclease (DNAse)
degrades DNA
liquifies pus allowing bacteria to spread
uses enzymatic debridement

Hyaluronidase
hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid, a component
Of ground substance in ECM of CT
aids in spreading

210
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes toxins

A

Pyrogenic exotoxins (erythrogenic toxins)
superantigen
associated with streptococcal toxic shock
syndrome & scarlet fever

Hemolysins
Streptolysine O: induces antistreptolysin O
(ASO) production
Streptolysine S: responsible for
B-hemolysis on BAP, not antigenic

211
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes findings
Invasion

A

Erysipelas
Cellulitis
Necrotizing fascitiis
Streptococcus gangrene
Puerperal fever
Bacteremia / sepsis

212
Q

Erysipelas

A

Portal of entry: skin
Raised red lesions
Brawny edema, & rapidly advancing
Sharp demarcated margin

213
Q

Cellulitis

A

Portal of entry: parenteral
Acute rapidly spreading infection of skin &
Subcutaneous tissues
Pain, tenderness, swelling & erythema

214
Q

Necrotizing fascitiis

A

Streptococcal gangrene
Entry: parenteral
Flesh eating disease
Extensive & very rapidly spreading necrosis of the skin, tissues & fascia

215
Q

Puerperal fever

A

Entry: uterus
After delivery, septicemia originating in an infected wound (endometritis)

216
Q

Bacteremia /sepsis

A

Entry: parenteral (traumatic or surgical wounds)
Can be fatal rapidly

217
Q

Streptococcal pharyngitis

A

Most common infection caused by
S. pyogenes
Adherence to pharyngeal ephitelium via
Lipoteichoic acid (on pili) binding to
Fibronectin (on epithelial cells)

Infants/small children
Sub acute nasopharyngitis (weeks)

Older children/adult
Acute intense nasopharyngitis

218
Q

Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

A

Shock, bacteremia, respiratory failure &
multiorgan failure
Death in 30%
Tend to occur after minir trauma in
otherwise healthy persons with several
presentations of soft tissue infection

219
Q

Scarlet fever

A

Strawberry tongue & bright red sandpaper
rash
Associated with pharyngitis
Clinically overlapping with streptococcal TSS

220
Q

Post streptococcal diseases

A

Autoimmune disorders
Latent period 1-4weeks (mean 7days) after
which Glumeronephritis or Rheumatic
fever ocassionaly develops

Glumeronephritis- commonly preceeded
by skin infection

Rheumatic fever- commonly preceeded
by pharyngitis

221
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

Most serious sequela of S. pyogenes
Mainly children 5-14yo
Often preceeded by pharyngitis 1-5weeks
M types 1,3,5,6,&18
Higher chance with more severe streptococcal sorethroats
Marked tendency to be reactivated by recurrent streptococcal infection

222
Q

Streptococcal pyogenes

A

Penicillin G

223
Q

Post streptococcal glumeronephritis

A

Develops 1-5weeks after pyogenes skin infection (pyoderma/impetigo) or pharyngitis

224
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

A

Part of normal vaginal flora and lower GIT

Neontal sepsis- infection during 1st month
may present as fulminant sepsis
increasing infections in elderly adults

Prevention:
Screening 35-37wk of pregnancy
rectal/vaginal swabs
IV ampicillin

225
Q

Enterococci

A

Preciously classified as group D streptococci
Comensal bacteria of the normal enteric
microbiota
Infections arise via translocation from GIT
Most common causes of infection
Enterococcus faecalis (85-90%)
Enterococcus faecium (5-10%)

Among the most frequent causes of Healthcare assiciated Infections
UTI
wounds
Billary tract
Blood

226
Q

Enterococci treatment

A

Frequently resistant to various antibiotics
E. Faecium > E. Faecalis

For VREF (vancomycin resistant E. Faecium)
Linezolid, quinoprestin -dalfoprestin,
daptomycin

227
Q

ESKAPE pathogens

A

Critically multi-drug resistant bacterias
Leading cause of HAIs

Enterococcus faecium
Staphylococcus aureus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Acinetobacter baumanii
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Enterobacter sp

228
Q

Bacteria that cannot be seen on gram staining
Thin or absent cell wall

A

Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Legionella pneumophila
Rickettsia
Treponema

229
Q

Bacteria that cannot be seen on gram staining
Thick Mycolic acid layer

A

Cryptosporidium, Cyclospora (protozoan)
Legionella micdadei
Isopora (protozoan)
Nocardia (weak acid fast)
Mycobacterium (gram variable)

230
Q

Cocci

A

Spherical

Diplococci - pairs
Staphylococci- clusters
Streptococci- chains

231
Q

Bacilli

A

Rod shaped

Diplobacilli- pairs
Staphylobacilli- clusters
Streptobacilli- chains

232
Q

Vibrio

A

Curved rod

233
Q

Spirochete

A

Flexible helical

234
Q

Spirilla

A

Rigid helical

235
Q

Salmonella enterica

A

Honors microbiologist Daniel Salmon

236
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Forms pus (pyo)

237
Q

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A

Fungus (myces) uses sugar - makes beer

238
Q

Penicillium chrysogenum

A

Produces a yellow pigment (chryso)

239
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi

A

Honors epidemiologist Oswaldo Cruz

240
Q

Serovars

A

Defined based on the antigenic properties
of the organisms
Crucial for distinguishing among strains,
species, specially pathogens
Identified using serological methods to
detect antibodies or antigens

241
Q

Serogroups

A

A collection of serovars that share similar antigenic characteristics

242
Q

Biovars

A

Represent variations within a species that are defined by physicochemical or biological differences

243
Q

Virus

A

Contagium vivum fluidum (100y ago)
Acellular obligate parasite (20-300nm)
Contain single type of Nucleic Acid
either DNA or RNA
Contain protein coat
Multiply inside living cells

244
Q

Wendell Stanley

A

Isolated tobacco mosaic virus

245
Q

Transduction

A

Transfer viral nucleic acid to other cells

246
Q

Conjugation

A

Donor bacterium transfer DNA to the recipient by mating

247
Q

Transformation

A

The recipient bacterium takes up extracellular donor DNA

248
Q

Nucleic Acid Core

A

Contains genetic material (DNA or RNA)

249
Q

Capsid

A

Protein coat
Encloses the viral genome

250
Q

Nucleocapsid

A

Nucleic acid core & capsid
Protein nucleic acid represent package form of viral genome

251
Q

Envelope

A

Surrounds the nucleocapsid of some viruses
Lipid containing membrane acquired via budding process

252
Q

Glycoprotein spikes

A

On the surface of envelopes (peplomers) for attachment to target cell receptors

253
Q

Capsomeres

A

Protein subunits that comprise the capsid

254
Q

Virion

A

Complete, mature virus particle (nucleocapsid -/+ envelope)

255
Q

Viroid

A

Single stranded naked RNA, without protein coat

256
Q

Prion

A

Proteinaceous, infectious particle, highly resistant to inactivation bu heat, formaldehyde & UV light that inactivates viruses

257
Q

Subunit

A

A single folded viral polypeptide chain

258
Q

Family

A

Based on virion morphology, genome structure, & strategies of replication

259
Q

Genus

A

Based on biological, genomic, physicochemical, or serologic differences

260
Q

Species

A

Share the same genetic information & ecological niche (host range)
Deacriptive common names

261
Q

Adenoviridae

A

Mastadenovirus

Various respiratory infections, tumor in animals

262
Q

Papillomavirus

A

Human warts virus
Warts, cervical & anal cancer in humans
Papovaviridae

263
Q

Orthopoxvirus

A

Vaccinia/small pox (variola)
Brick shaped
Poxviridae

264
Q

Molluscipox virus

A

Moluscum contagiosum- wart like skin lesion
Burkitt’s lymphoma (cancer)
Fever, blister, chicken pox, shingles, infectious mononucleosis

Poxviridae

265
Q

Herpesviridae

A

Simplex virus HHV 1&2
Varicellovirus 3
Lymphocryptovirus 4
Cytomegalovirus 5
Roseolovirus 6
Rhadinovirus 8

266
Q

Parvoviridae

Human parvovirus B19

A

5th disease- anemia in immunocompromised patient

267
Q

Reovirus
Rotavirus

A

Mild respiratory infections transmitted by arthropods
Colorado tick fever is the best known

Reoviridae

268
Q

Picornaviridae

Enterovirus
Rhinovirus
Hepa A virus

A

Polio, coxsackie, echoviruses
Hand-foot-mouth virus
>100 rhinoviruses (common cold)

269
Q

Hepa E virus
Norovirus

A

Gastroenteritis & hepa E

Caliciviridae

270
Q

Alpha virus

A

Via arthropods
Eastern equine encephalitis EEE
Western equine encephalitis WEE
Chikungunya

Togaviridae

271
Q

Rubivirus (rubella)

A

German measles/3 day measles
Transmitted via the respiratory route

Togaviridae

272
Q

Flavivirus
Pestivirus
Hepa C virus

A

Can replicate in arthropods that transmit them
Yellow fever, dengue, zika, west nile encephalitis

Flaviviridae

273
Q

Corona virus

A

Upper reapiratory tract infections & common cold
SARS MERS- coV

Coronaviridae

274
Q

Vesiculovirus

A

Vesicular stomatitis
Bullet shaped virus with spiked envelope

Rhabdoviridae

275
Q

Lyssavirus

A

Cause rabies & numerous animal disease

Rhabdoviridae

276
Q

Lyssavirus

A

Cause rabies & numerous animal disease

Rhabdoviridae

277
Q

Filoviridae

Filovirus

A

Enveloped, helical virus, EBOLA & Marburg viruses

278
Q

Paramyxovirus
Morbillivirus

A

Cause parainfluenza, mumps, & new castle diseases in chickens

Paramyxoviridae

279
Q

Virusoid

A

Satellite RNA

280
Q

Hepa D

A

Depends on coinfection with hepadnavirus

Deltaviridae

281
Q

Influenza virus
A, B, C

A

Enveloped spikes can agglutinate RBCs (RBCs clump together forming aggregates)

Orthomyxoviridae

282
Q

Bunyavirus

A

California encephalitis

Bunyaviridae

283
Q

Hantavirus

A

Cause hemorrhagic fever
Korean hemorrhagic fever
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Associated with rodents

Bunyaviridae

284
Q

Arenavirus

A

Helical capsids contain RNA containing granules cause:
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
Lassa fever

Arenaviridae

285
Q

Oncovirus

A

Includes all RNA tumor viruses

Retroviridae

286
Q

Lentivirus

A

Causes AIDS

Retroviridae

287
Q

Hepadnavirus

A

Hepa B virus
After protein synthesis, hepa B uses reverse transcriptase to produce its DNA from mRNA
Causes hepa B & liver tumor

288
Q

DNA VIRUSES

A

Parvoviridae
Anelloviridae
Polyomaviridae
Papillomaviridae
Adenoviridae
Hepadnaviridae
Herpesviridae
Poxviridae

289
Q

RNA VIRUSES

A

Picornaviridae
Astroviridae
Caliciviridae
Hepeviridae
Picoveraviridae
Reoviridae
Togaviridae
Flaviviridae
Arenaviridae
Coronaviridae
Retroviridae
Orthomyxoviridae
Bunyaviridae
Bornaviridae
Rhabdoviridae
Paramyxoviridae
Filoviridae

290
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Ends with the lysis & death of the host cell
Attachment- entry- replication- assembly- lysis & release

291
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Host cell remains alive
Attachment- entry- prophage- reproduction- repeat lysogenic or go to lytic cycle

292
Q

Plaques

A

Killed bacteria produces a number of clearings visible against a lawn of bacterial growth on the surface of the agar

293
Q

Cell line

A

Culture media where cells are grown in the lab

294
Q

Primary cell line

A

Derived from tissue slices, dies out after a few generations

295
Q

Diploid cell line

A

From human embryos, about 100 generations

296
Q

Continuous cell line

A

Immortal cell line
Transformed (cancerous), indefinite number of generations

Transformed cells do not grow in a monolayer

297
Q

Hela cell line

A

Isolated from the cancer of Henrietta Lacks

298
Q

Growth of cells

A

Normal/primary cells grow in a monolayer
Transformed cell/continuous cells do not

299
Q

Cytophatic Effects CPE

A

Visible signs of viral infections
Deterioration of cell monolayer caused by viruses

Cytocidal - cell death
Non cytocidal - damage but not death

300
Q

Viral identification

A

Serological methods such as Western Blotting are the most common

PCR
RFLP- restriction fragment length polymorphisms
RT-PCR

301
Q

Portal of entry of viruses

A

Most virus enter their host through the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract

302
Q

Virus severity & duration

A

Most infection are inapparent & do not result in clinical disease
Most infection are self limiting @ are cleared by the host
Some lead to chronic (persistent) long term infection

303
Q

Virus severity & duration

A

Most infection are inapparent & do not result in clinical disease
Most infection are self limiting @ are cleared by the host
Some lead to chronic (persistent) long term infection

304
Q

Virus
Extent of host involvement

A

Some viruses localized infection at the primary site of entry
Other viruses spread & produce diseases at distant sites in the body
Few viruses can infect the fetus in the utero & may cause serious damage leading to fetal death or congenital defects

305
Q

Virus
Extent of host involvement

A

Some viruses localized infection at the primary site of entry
Other viruses spread & produce diseases at distant sites in the body
Few viruses can infect the fetus in the utero & may cause serious damage leading to fetal death or congenital defects

306
Q

Immunity to virus

A

Virus avoid the host’s immune response by growing inside the cell
Both innate and adaptive immune response (humoral and cellular) are important in recovery from viral infections

307
Q

Immunity to virus

A

Virus avoid the host’s immune response by growing inside the cell
Both innate and adaptive immune response (humoral and cellular) are important in recovery from viral infections

308
Q

Interferons

A

Are cytokines that are central to the antiviral innate immune response of the host

309
Q

Interferons

A

Are cytokines that are central to the antiviral innate immune response of the host

bspharma2 (17 decks)

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