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bspharma2 > Drugs / Dosage Forms Lab > Flashcards

Drugs / Dosage Forms Lab Flashcards

1
Q

white ointment category

A

ointment / salve / charisma
hydrocarbon or oleaginous

semi solid preparation intended for external application to skin and mucous membrane

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2
Q

Ointments characteristics

A

homogenous, smooth and free from grittiness
easily spreadable
becomes rancid with time (not dispensed with slight evidence of rancidity or mold)

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3
Q

medicated ointment

A

for treatment of cutaneous (skin diseases)
for both local and systemic effects

sulfur ointment, zinc oxide ointment and compound resorcinol

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4
Q

non- medicated ointment

A

referred to as ointment bases
used for their physical effects:
- protectant, emollient or lubricating effect or use as vehicles in medicated ointments

white ointment

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5
Q

white ointment preparation

A

1- mechanical incorporation / levigation
- reducing to impalpable powder to reduce grittiness and to form a very smooth nucleus

2- fusion
- heat first the substance with high melting point like wax and spermaceti using water bath before adding soft, oleaginous material

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6
Q

ointment bases

A

1- oleaginous
2- absorption
3- water removable
4- water soluble

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7
Q

oleaginous bases / hydrocarbon bases

A

-emollient effect
-effective as occlusive dressing
-remain on the skin for long periods without drying out (occlusive dressing)
- immiscibility with water (difficult to wash off)

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8
Q

oleaginous bases

A
  • levigating agent: liquid petrolatum when substance is incorporated into HC bases

1- Petrolatum, USP (yellow petrolatum and petroleum jelly)

purified mixture of semisolid HCs obtained from petroleum

vaseline (chesebrough-ponds)

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9
Q

oleaginous bases

A

2- white petrolatum, USP (white petrolatum jelly)

-wholly or nearly decolorized purified mixture of semisolid HCs from petrolatum

diaper rash, dry skin
white vaseline

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10
Q

oleaginous / hydrocarbon base

A

3- yellow ointment, USP (simple ointment)

-purified wax obtained from the honeycomb of the bee apis mellifera
-has slightly greater viscosity than the plain petrolatum

4- white ointment
-consist of white wax and white petrolatum

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11
Q

absorption bases

A

2 types

1- permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions resulting in the formation of W/O emulsion (hydrophilic petrolatum and anhydrous lanolin

2- W/O emulsions that permit the incorporation of additional quantities of aqueous solutions (lanolin- as emollient and cold cream)

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12
Q

Absorption bases characteristics

A
  • not easily removed from skin with water
  • possesses some power of penetration into the deepest layers of the skin
    -used for endodermic ointment

as emollient but do not provide the degree of occlusion
incorporates aqueous solutions into oleaginous bases

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13
Q

absorption bases

A

1- hydrophilic petrolatum

  • composed of stearyl alcohol, white wax, cholesterol and white petrolatum

ability to absorb water with the formation of W/O emulsion

Aquaphor

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14
Q

Sulfur Ointment

A

Category: medicated ointment
semisolid for external application
Synonyms: unguentum sulfuris
Description: yellow semisolid preparation
Uses: parasiticide, treat ringworm and
scabies
Formulation: NLT 9.5%, NMT 10.5% of sulfur
Label: red
Container: ointment jar
Preparation: mechanical incorporation
Active ingredient: precipitated sulfur
Base: hydrocarbon base
Levigating agent: mineral oil

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15
Q

Zinc Oxide

A

Category: medicated ointment
Synonyms: unguentum zinci oxide, zinc
ointment
Description: white semi solid preparation
Uses: has a mild, astringent, protective and
antiseptic action
for dry skin, skin disorder like
eczema, pruritis, & psoriasis
Ingredients: zinc oxide, mineral oil, white
ointment
Preparation: mechanical incorporation
Levigating agent: mineral oil
Label: red
Container: ointment jar
Base: white ointment

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16
Q

White Ointment

A

Synonyms: salve, charisma, simple
ointment, unguentum simplex
Description: white semisolid, insoluble in
water
Uses: emollient effect, protection against
scape of moisture, occlusive
dressing
used as vehicle for medicated
ointment
ingredients: white wax, white petrolatum
Label: red
Container: ointment jar
Preparation: fusion

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17
Q

Water removable / emulsion base

A

hydrophilic ointment and vanishing cream
O/W- hydrous woolfat
W/O- cold cream
-employed as water removable vehicle for medicinal substances
-resemble creams in their appearance
-may be diluted with water or with aqueous solutions
-can absorb serous discharges
-certain medical agents may be better absorbed in the skin

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18
Q

Water soluble base

A

-do not contain oleaginous components
-water washable and greaseless
-soften greatly with water
-used for incorporation of solid substances
-

Polyethylene Glycol Ointment PEG

propylene glycol

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19
Q

Absorption Bases
Cold Cream, USP

A

semisolid white W/O emulsion prepared with cetyl esters wax, white wax, mineral oil, sodium borate, purified water
- use as emollient and base

Eucerin cream- W/O emulsion

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20
Q

Absorption bases
Lanolin, USP

A

obtained from wool of sheep (Ovis aries)

W/O emulsion that contains 25% - 30% water
synonym: hydrous wool fat

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21
Q

Absorption bases
Anhydrous Lanolin, USP

A

may contain NMT 0.25% water

insoluble with water but mixes without separation with about 2x its weight in water
-incorporatoin of water forms W/O emulsion

synonym: refined wool fat

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22
Q

Cream

A

easier to spread and remove from than ointment
Lighter, less viscous than ointment, imparts pseudoplastic flow when applied

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23
Q

Oil in Water (O/W)

A

Vanishing cream tends to vanish on skin
Contains large percentage of water and stearic acid/other oleaginous components

shaving cream, hand cream, foundation cream

24
Q

Water in Oil (W/O)

A

Cold cream, imparts oily feeling on skin

emollient cream (cold cream - Galen’s cream)

25
Q

cream preparation

A

synonym: petrolatum rose
water ointment
Galen’s cerate
unguentum aquae
Description: white semisolid
Uses: topical skin, rectally,
vaginally products
emollient
cleansing cream
ointment base
ingredients: spermaceti or
cetyl alcocohol
white wax
sodium borate
purified water
Label: red
Container: cream jar
remarks: this is without emulsion
fusion method
spermaceti is a
viscocity modifier

26
Q

solution

A

homogenous mixture of solid, liquid or gas in a liquid vehicle

27
Q

Aqueous solutions

A

water as vehicle

28
Q

non-aqueous solutions

A

a- hydroalcoholic - alcohol
b- oleaginous - oil
c- ethereal - ether

29
Q

aromatic water

A

-clear saturated aqueous solution of volatile oil or other aromatic or volatile substances
-odors or tastes are the same as those of the drug or volatile substance from which they are prepared

30
Q

aromatic water

A

free from empyreumatic (smoke like) and other foreign odor

generally used as flavored and perfumed vehicle

31
Q

stability of aromatic water

A

-not permanently stable preparations
-protect from excessive light and heat
-deterioration may be due to volatilization
-decomposition/mold growth producing cloudy preparation/disagreeable odor

32
Q

preparation of aromatic waters

A

1- distillation
-slowest, most expensive method but the most satisfactory method of preparation
-strong rose water

2- cohobation
-distillate is repeatedly used with fresh portions of flowers/plant materials to minimize loss of water soluble components
-orange/rose flowers

33
Q

direct solution method

A

advantage: save time and equipment

disadvantages: do not agitate when drawing of aromatic water if the excess volatile oil is allowed to remain

34
Q

alternate solution method

A

the dispersing agent increases the surface of the volatile substance ensuring more raid saturation of water and forms as efficient filter bed thus producing a clear solution

35
Q

Cinnamon Water

A

category: non medicated aromatic water
synonyms: aqua cinnamon
saigon cassia
casio nare
cassa oil
description: clear, colorless saturated aqueous solution with characteristic odor and taste of cinnamon
use: flavoring vehicle
ingredients: cinnamon oil
purified water
label: white
container: 30mL amber bottle
remarks: method used was direct method, should be stored in a tight and light resistant container to prevent from light and excessive volatilization

36
Q

Conc. peppermint water

A

category: medicated aromatic water
synonyms: aqua menthos piperitas
brandy water
aqua mint
remarks: method used is alternate solution method
most frequently used method
description: clear saturated aqueous solution with odor and taste of peppermint
uses: favored vehicle
carminative
ingredients: peppermint oil
90% ethyl alcohol
purified talc
purified water
label: white
container: 30mL amber bottle
remarks: ethyl alcohol is used to dissolve peppermint oil
talc is used as dispersing agent, increases the surface of volatile substance ensuring:
-more rapid saturation of water
- forms an efficient filter bed thus producing clear solution

37
Q

camphor water

A

category: medicated aromatic water
synonyms: aqua camphorae
laurel camphor
gum camphor
description: clear colorless saturated aqueous solutions with odor or camphor
use: rubefacient- reddens the skin causes localized feeling of warmth via cutaneous vasodilation
ingredients: camphor crystal
90% ethyl alcohol
purified talc
purified water
label: red
container: 30mL amber bottle
remarks: method- alternate solution method
ethyl alcohol - dissolve carphor crystals
talc- dispersing agent

38
Q

simple solution

A

prepared by dissolving the solute in a suitable solvent

NaCl solution, Strong Iodine solution

39
Q

Chemical reaction

A

prepared by reacting 2 or more solute with each other in a suitable solvent

aluminum subacetate solution
magnesium citrate solution
sulfurated lime solution

40
Q

solution by dstillation

A

if the solute is a volatile oil

41
Q

solution by extraction

A

drug or pharmaceutical necessities of vegetable or animal origin
also called extractives

42
Q

different methods of extraction

A

maceration- submerging the solute
percolation- use of percolator
digestion- with the aid of gentle heat
infusion- blanching, addition of hot water
decoction- boiling for 15 minutes

43
Q

calcium hydroxide topical solution

A

category: topical solution, astringent
synonym: lime water
description: clear, colorless solution with an alkaline taste (bitter)
uses: employed with other ingredients in dermatological solution and lotion
as protector in lotion preparation and an emulsifying agent
ingredients: calcium hydroxide
purified water
label: red
container: flint bottle
remarks: method simple method

44
Q

Strong iodine solution

A

category: topical solution
synonym: lugol’s solution
iodine potassium iodide
liquor iodi
aqueous iodine solution
description: liquid with deep brown color and odor of iodine
remarks: 1 g of iodine dissolves in 2590 mL of water
solutions of iodides dissolve large quantities of iodine
a solution of polyiodides in excess iodine
uses: treat thyrotoxicosis
antigoiterogenic
germicidal, fungicidal
antiseptic
keratolytic
ingredients: iodine
KI
purified water
label: red
container: amber bottle
remarks: simple solution method
use porcelain spatula, metal reacts with iodine
KI is used as solubilizing agent

45
Q

magnesium citrate

A

category: saline cathartic
synonyms: citrate
citrate of magnesia
magnessi citralus
lemonada purgante
description: slight yellow, clear effervescent liquid having a sweet taste and a lemon flavor
uses: saline cathartic- agents that quicken and increase evacuation from bowls
laxatives are mild cathartics
ingredients: MaCO3
anhydrous citric acid
syrup
talc
lemon oil
KHCO3
purified water
label: white
container: wide mouth flint bottle
remarks: chemical reaction
sterilize the bottle to prevent the growth of microorganism

46
Q

troublesome solution

A

has tendency to deposit a crystalline solid upon standing due to the formation of some almost insoluble normal Mg citrate

cause of the problem has largely been attributed to the indefinite composition of the official MgCO3, which by definition is a basic hydrated MgCO3 or a normal hydrated MgCO3

47
Q

Dakin’s solution

A

category: solution
synonym: sodium hypochlorite solution
description: clear, light yellow with odor of chlorine
uses: disinfectant
antiseptic
ingredients: chlorox 5.25%
sodium bicarbonate
citric acid
clear tap water
label: red
container: sterile narrow mouth amber bottle covered with aluminum foil
remarks: expiry 30days after compounded
must be discarded 48h after it was opened
must be stored at room temperature

48
Q

syrup

A

concentrated solution of sugar usually sucrose in water

49
Q

simple syrup

A

clear concentrated, sweet aqueous hypertonic solution with striations of sucrose in purified water

50
Q

medicated syrup

A

aqueous solution of sucrose that contains API and has therapeutic effect

51
Q

favored syrup

A

contains aromatic and pleasantly flavored substance and is intended as a vehicle for prescription
does not contain an active ingredient

52
Q

agitation with heat

A

sucrose is added to water and heated until solution is affected

advantage: fast
disadvantage: excessive heating will cause inversion of sucrose to glucose + sucrose (sweeter, with an increase tendency to ferment)
caramelize, yellow to brownish in color

53
Q

agitation without heat

A

advantage: for substance that are heat sensitive
disadvantage: slower

54
Q

percolation

A

permits the purified water to pass slowly through a bed of crystalline sucrose to dissolve it

55
Q

Simple syrup

A

a good syrup has specific gravity of not less than 1.33 and the concentration should be 85% w/v or 65% w/w

60- 80% concentration makes up the syrup self preserving

below 60% concentration- prone to microbial growth

above 80% concentration can crystallize the sucrose present

56
Q

Simple syrup

A

description: clear solution of sucrose in purified water
uses: sweetening agent
sweet vehicle and as basis for many flavored and medicated syrup
ingredients: sucrose
purified water
label: white
container: flint bottle
remarks: method- percolation

57
Q

chocolate syrup

A

category: syrup
synonym: cacao syrup
chocolate flavored syrup
description: viscous, dark brown syrup with odor and taste of cocoa
uses: flavored vehicle
ingredients: cocoa
sucrose
glucose
glycerin
sodium chloride
vanillin
sodium benzoate
purified water
label: white
container: amber bottle
remarks: sodium benzoate and glycerin are preservatives to prevent bacterial and mold growth when sucrose concentration is low

bspharma2 (18 decks)

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