Microorganisms & Medical Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

bacteria

A
  • prokaryotes: one-celled organisms w/ no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
  • ribosomes and genetic material are free floating in the cytoplasm
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2
Q

coccus

A

spherical shaped bacteria the can join together to make:

  • diplococci (2 bacteria together)
  • strepococci (chains)
  • staphylococci (clusters)
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3
Q

bacillus

A

rod-shaped bacteria that can join together to form diplobacilli, streptobacilli (chains), etc

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4
Q

spirillum

A

spiral-shaped bacteria

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5
Q

Gram staining

A
  • application of crystal violet and iodine, which create a complex that adheres to the outermost layer of bacteria
  • can help determine what antibiotic will be effective
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6
Q

Gram positive

A
  • outermost layer: thick peptidoglycan cell wall

- purple color when stained b/c the bacteria cell wall is dehydrated and traps stain inside

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7
Q

Gram negative

A
  • outermost layer: thin and composed of lipids
  • outer membrane is removed, second red dye (safranin) is used
  • lighter, pink color
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8
Q

bacteria reproduce:

A
  • asexually
  • transformation (DNA from environment)
  • transduction (injected by bacteriophage)
  • conjugation (DNA transfer from F+)
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9
Q

viruses

A
  • cannot reproduce without a host and are not considered living particles
  • genetic material held in a protein capsid
  • lack most organelles b/c they do not reproduce or maintain cellular functions
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10
Q

lytic cell

A
  • when a virus infects a cell
  • induces cell to reproduce viral DNA instead of its own
  • eventually the cell will lyse and release viral DNA into he matrix, can infect a new cell
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11
Q

virulent

A

-viruses that replicate by the lytic cycle, killing their host cell

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12
Q

lawn

A

a plated culture

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13
Q

lysogenic cycle

A
  • bacteriophage does not lyse its host, and become integrated into the bacterial genome as a provirus, lying dormant for awhile
  • ex: HIV
  • environmental cues can cause it to enter lytic cycle
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14
Q

latent infection

A

virus does not spread as quickly during the lysogenic phase

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15
Q

superinfection

A

-cells containing proviruses are normally resistant to further infection by similar phages

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16
Q

fungi

A
  • heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms, most of their organelles mimic human cells
  • have cells walls that contain chitin
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17
Q

fungi reproduce:

A
  • sexually: diploid cells, undergo meiosis to create 4 haploid spores
  • asexually (fission): one organism divides into 2 daughter cells
18
Q

spore production

A

-spores are more resilient to hostile conditions so it occurs when conditions are not favorable

19
Q

parasites

A

-organisms that live off of and harm a host that receives no benefit from it

20
Q

helminths

A
  • parasitic worms (tapeworms, roundworms)

- injested via contaminated food or water

21
Q

protozoa

A

-unicellular eukaryotes that have many different features, many cause diseases

22
Q

nitrogen cycle

A
  • plants produce waste and decompose, releasing ammonia and ammonium ions into the environment
  • bacteria then break them down into nitrate and nitrite which can replenish plants or be converted to atmospheric nitrogen
23
Q

carbon cycle

A

-microbes contribute to the transfer of carbon molecules thru the cycle via fermentation, catabolism, and anabolism

24
Q

photosynthesis

A

-sunlight, water, and CO2 are utilized by chlorophyll cells are utilized to produce sugars, which serve as an energy source

25
transmission
-spread of disease from one host to another
26
direct contact
touching the contaminated person and spreading the disease thru physical contact
27
indirect contact
transmission via droplets, vectors, soil, food, or water
28
sterilization
- kills all pathogens | - extreme heat, radiation, or ethylene gas
29
disinfection
- kills some pathogens but not all microbes present | - microwaves, pasteurization, or alcohols
30
antiseptics
-kills pathogens on living tissue
31
active immunity
-experiencing an infection once gives the host a natural immunity and the host does not experience the disease as long as the memory cells remain
32
vaccine
- when a virus is involved, natural process may not be useful - an attenuated (weakened) pathogen is injected that forms memory cells but not the disease
33
passive immunity
-immunity acquired thru direct transmission of antibodies from one source to another
34
antibacterials
-work on certain types of bacteria because of the structure of the bacteria or mechanism of action
35
bactericidal agents
-kill bacteria
36
bacteriostatic agents
- stop bacteria from dividing | - patient needs to have a functional immune system
37
resistance
-some bacteria have developed this to certain types of antimicrobials and are no longer effective
38
antivirals
- viruses are more difficult to treat because they are neither cells nor alive - to destroy a virus you usually have to destroy the host cell it is in - prevention of viruses is much more effective
39
antifungals
-many work by destroying cell walls to eliminate the infection and maintain the host cells
40
antiparasitics
-number of different mechanisms of action, but they destroy the parasite without damage to the host
41
broad-spectrum antimicrobial
- one that treats many different species of a microbe | - hospitals want to use antimicrobials specific to the microbe