Excretory System

Question 1

excretion

Answer 1

removal of metabolic wastes produced by the body

Question 2

aerobic respiration

Answer 2

leads to the production of carbon dioxide and water

Question 3

deamination of AA

Answer 3

leads to the production of of nitrogenous wastes (urea and ammonia) in the liver

Question 4

principle organs of excretion

Answer 4

lungs, liver, skin, and kidneys

Question 5

lungs

Answer 5

CO2 and water vapor diffuse from the blood and are exhaled

Question 6

skin

Answer 6

sweat glands excrete water and dissolved salts

Question 7

liver

Answer 7

processes nitrogenous wastes, Hb, and other chemicals for excretion (AA)

Question 8

kidneys

Answer 8

• regulate the concentration of salt and water in the blood thru the formation and excretion of urine
• bean-shaped, located behind stomach and liver

Question 9

kidney structure

Answer 9

• 3 regions: cortex, medulla, and renal pelvis
• nephron consists of a bulb called Bowman’s capsule, which consists of a capillary bed called a glomerulus
• proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct

Question 10

ureter

Answer 10

urine flows from the pelvis of the kidney into here and then empties into the urinary bladder which is then expelled via the urethra

Question 11

peritubular capillary

Answer 11

network that facilitates reabsorption of AA, glucose, salts, and water

Question 12

filtration

Answer 12

• movement of water and solutes from plasma to the renal tubule, 20% that passes thru the glomerulus is filtered
• filtrate: small solutes and fluid entering the nephron,

Question 13

secretion

Answer 13

• nephron secretes waste substances such as acids, ions, and metabolites from the interstitial fluid into the filtrate by passive and active transport
• distal convoluted tubule

Question 14

reabsorption

Answer 14

• essential substances (glucose, salts, AA) and water are reabsorbed from the filtrate and returned to the blood
• occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 15

concentrated urine

Answer 15

movement of the solute molecules are accompanied by the passive movement of water

Question 16

nephron function

Answer 16

-clean blood plasma of unwanted substances as the filtrate passes thru the kidney by its selective permeability and maintenance of an osmolarity gradient

Question 17

osmolarity gradient

Answer 17

tissue osmolarity increases from the cortex to the inner medulla, caused by the selective permeability of the tubules

Question 18

counter-current-multiplier system

Answer 18

• energy is used to create a concentration gradient
• allows the nephron to reabsorb more water and concentrate the urine while at the same time using as little energy as possible

Question 19

hyperosmolar

Answer 19

interstitial space in the medulla is this caused by the counter-current-multiplier system

Question 20

ADH (vasopressin)

Answer 20

• hormone that regulates the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts to water (increases it)
• opens aquaporins
• decrease in urine output

Question 21

aldosterone

Answer 21

steroid hormone that causes the increased transport of sodium and potassium ions along the distal tubule and collecting ducts, causing decreased excretion of sodium and increased excretion of potassium

Question 22

diuretics

Answer 22

drugs that increase urine production

Question 23

acid base disorders

Answer 23

1. respiratory disorders affect blood acidity by changing Pco2 (inverse)
2. metabolic disorders affect the blood acidity by causing changes in Hco3- (direct)