micronutrients -vitamins and mineral W4 Flashcards
1
Q
a compound is classified a vitamin when …(2)
A
the body cannot synthesize sufficient amounts
when a deficiency of the compound is likely to cause physical symptoms
2
Q
vitamins are classified as either..:(2)
A
water soluble
fat soluble
3
Q
what are the primary water soluble vitamins
A
B group vitamins
vitamin C
4
Q
what are the primary fat soluble vitamins
A
A
D
E
K
5
Q
whats the difference between vitamins and mineral
A
vitamins are essential organic substances
minerals are inorganic compounds
6
Q
all minerals are…
A
elements
7
Q
minerals are elements and therefore remain…during absorbtion
A
intact
8
Q
can minerals be synthesised by animals/plants/ in a laboratory?
A
no
9
Q
minerals are classified as either …(2)
A
major/macro
trace
10
Q
what are major/macro minerals
A
minerals that are needed to be consumed in large amounts
11
Q
what are trace minerals
A
minerals that are needed in smaller amounts
12
Q
primary macro/major minerals (7)
A
Ca P Mg Na K Cl S
13
Q
primary trace minerals (8)
A
Zn Fe Cu Se Cr I F Mn
14
Q
three broad roles of minerals
A
regulate cellular metabolism
provide structure
maintain normal heart rhythm/muscle contrac./neural conductivity acid base balance and fluid balance
15
Q
mineral’s role in cellular metabolism
A
act as coenzymes/cofactors
16
Q
minerals role in providing structure for eg
A
bones and teeth Ca
17
Q
where are micronutrients absorbed
A
small intestine
18
Q
where are fat soluble vitamins stored (2)
A
liver and adipose tissue
19
Q
how are fat soluble vitamins packaged(2)
A
with fatty acids and bile
20
Q
where are fat soluble vitamins packaged(1)
A
micelles
21
Q
how are water soluble vitamins digested
A
absorbed with water directly inot the blood stream
22
Q
how are minerals digested
A
require protein carriers/transporters
23
Q
what is more common, micronutrient deficiency or toxicity?
A
deficiency
24
Q
what can micronutrient toxicity cause
A
it can damage cells
25
only ....-....% of micronutruients eaten are absorbed into blood streat
3-10%
26
vitamins are particularly susceptible to exposure to..(5)
```
air
UV
boiling
temperature
pH
```
27
are vitamins more/less stable in acidic environment
more
28
how does boiling food affect levels of bitamins
water soluble vitamins leak into water
29
air particularly afects vitamins with .....function
antioxidant
30
what factor effects levels of mineral absorption
| how?
mineral storage (more stored -->less absorbed)
31
minerals often compete with each other for ..... in the ....tract
absorption
| IG
32
micronutrients - two key functions that will be explored in cam 101
antioxidant
energy production and metabolism
33
primary micronutrients that act as antioxidants
(3) vit
(4) minerals
(1) other
```
Vit A
C
E
Fe
Cu
Se
Mn
Phytochemicals
```
34
how do antioxidants work (2)
oppose oxidation
stabilizing free radicals
35
relationship between free radicals and antioxidants
free radicals have an unparied electron
this causes chain oxidation reactions as they seek electrons
this can lead to oxidative stress and increase risk of heart disease, cancer and accelerate aging
antioxidants lend their electrons to stabilise damaged atoms
36
what are phytochemicals
they are not considered essential micronutrients sucha s vitmains or minerals
37
are phytochemicals good for you
yes
| they hjave important health benifits
38
the colour of foods, correlates with specific ...
phytochemicals
39
what is the main function of B group vitamins
to function as coenzymes in energy production
40
what role does Fe play in fuel metabolism
oxygen delivery to electron transport chain
41
food sources of B group vitamins(2)
grains
| dairy and meat
42
milling of grains leads to..
loss of vitamins and minerals
43
are B group vitamins stored in high quantities
not generally
44
vit B deficiency affects cells with...
high turnover/energy demand eg skin
| nervous system
45
main b group vitamins involved in metabolic function
B1- thiamin
B2-riboflavin
B3-niacin
B5-pantothenic acid
46
B1 - thiamin -->coenzyme (name)
thiamin pyrophosphate (tPP)
47
B2-riboflavin-->coenzyme (2)
FADH2
| FAD(oxidied)
48
B3- niacin-->enzyme (2)
NADH2
| NAD (reduced)
49
B5-pantothenic acid -->coenzyme
CoA
50
B1-
thiamin
51
B2-
riboflavin
52
B3-
niacin
53
B5-
pantothenic acid
54
bloods main functions (3)
-transport oxygen
transport vitamins and minerals to cells
-remove waste products
-immunity (wbc)
55
how is anemia caused
low levels of RBC so reduced oxygen supply to cells
56
(2) micronutrients that are vital for good blood health
Fe
| Vit B12
57
roles of Fe in blood health and energy production (2)
transport oxygen
transport electrons
58
what are folate and vit B12 crucial for (1)
DNA synthesis and regulation
59
folate helps DNA synthesis how?
crucial for thymine production
60
aside from DNA synthesis, vit B12 also palys a key role in (2)
FA synthesis and ATP production
61
conversion of folic acid to thymine process (4 steps)
folic acid
- -> H4folate
- -->thymine
- ->Methyl-FH4(by product)
62
methyl-FH4 is a .... ....
dead end
63
how do we turn methyl H4 folate back into useful form
homocysteine+methylFH4=methionine +H4folate
64
vitamin B9 names (3)
folate/folacin/folic acid
65
food sources of folate
vegetables and grains
66
uptake/absorbtion of folate is .... mediated
receptor
67
falote storage, where howlong
liver
| short term
68
what can folate deficiency result in (specific health conditions)
megaloblastic anemia
| neural tube defects
69
what is neural tube defect
happens during first moth of pregnancy
| spinal column of feutus does not close properly
70
symptoms of neural tube defect (3)
hydrocephalus (fluid on brain)
full/partial paralysis
bladder and bowel control
71
what causes neural tube defect
folate deficiency
72
what is megaloblastic anemia
oversized fragile RBC as cytoplasm grows at normal rate, however cell division is slowed
73
primary sources of vitamin B12
meat
shellfish
eggs
dairy
74
vit B12 deficiency effects (short term 1, long term 1)
short term: megaloblastic anemia:shortness of breath, fatigue
long term:nerve damage: numbness and tingling in arms and legs
75
primary micronutrients involved in bone health
C
D
calcium
76
calcium percentage in bones and teeth
99%
77
percentage of calcium in blood
1%
78
how is vitamin D involved in bone health
---> calcitirol -->it acts as a hormone in regulation of blood Ca
79
what is calcitirol derived from
Vit D
80
other than bone health, what are three other functions of vitmain D
- regulation of cell differentiation and growth
- protective against some cancers
- immune function
81
what is the primary active form of vitamin D
calcitirol
82
deficiency in vit D, C and calcium may result in... (3)
rickets ( children
oestiomalacia (adults)
osteoperosis
83
what is osteoporosis
disease characterized by low bone mass, and deterioration of bone tissue
84
what is a cause of rickets / oteomalcia
vitamin D, calcium , vitmin C deficiency
85
what is a common cause of oesteoporosis
vit D calcium vit C deficiency
86
frequency of osteoperosis in poplulation
1 in 3 women
1 in 5 men
over 50
87
primary micronutrients involved in growth and development
vit A
iodine
zinc
88
how does vitamin A contribute to growth and development (broad role)
its involved in cell differentiation and growth
89
how is iodine involved in growth and development(broad role )
thyroid hormones
90
how is zinc involved in growth and development (broad role )
gene, enzymatic regulation and protein structure
91
how does vitamin A deficiency affect epithelial cells
can lead to unhelathy cells that are flat, hard, and unable to produce mucus
92
process of absorption of vitmain A(4)
- beta carotene (provitamin A)
- ---->retinaldehyde
--->retinol(vit A) and etonoic acid
93
conditions that may result from vitamin A ddeficiency (6)
-impaired immunity,
-reproductive system disorders
-grotwth problems
-night blindness
increased keritiniastion of conear -->tear production impaired
94
toxicity of vitamin A symptoms (4)
headache
diarrhea
vomiting
loss of appetite
95
why can vitamin A toxicity only usually caused by supplimentstion
because in foods, vitamin A is in form of beta-carotene, which is then broken down into retinol (vit A)
if consumed in excess, conversion of beta-carotene to vit A will cease
96
what is the physical symptom of beta carotene over-consumption
yellow skin
97
broad three categories of zinc function in the body
regulation
structural function
enzymatic function
98
zinc - enzymatic funcition
(1)
-->(4)
it is essential for over 250 different enzymes and therefore alcohol metabolism, digestion and bone formation
99
zinc - structural roles (4)
- DNA replication
- night vision
- antioxidant function
- immune function
100
zinc - structural roles - immune function , how?(1)
| -->(3)
aid in the production of lymphocytes, macrophages and cytokines
101
zinc - regulatory functions (2)
regulation of gene expression
cell signalling and homone regulation
102
zinc deficiency is commonly seen in what demographic
alcoholics
103
zinc deficiency - structural functions - consequences (3)
night blindness
impaired immune function
loss of taste
104
zinc defiency - regulatory functions - consequences (3)
poor wound healing
poor growth and development
poor sexual development
105
main function (1) of iodine
metabolic control
106
deficiency in iodine symptoms (4)
- fatigue and weight gain
- enlarged thyroid gland
- foetal growth effects
- cretinism- stunted physical and mental growth
107
primary effect of iodine deficiency
blocks synthesis of thyroid hormones
108
primary food source of iodine
salt water foods (seafood)
109
what are the most common deficiencies word wide (%0
```
Iron,
zinc,
folate,
vitamin A,
iodine
```
110
possible solutions for common deficiencies (3)
education
supplementation
fortification
