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Bio /chem/cell > micronutrients -vitamins and mineral W4 > Flashcards

micronutrients -vitamins and mineral W4 Flashcards

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1
Q

a compound is classified a vitamin when …(2)

A

the body cannot synthesize sufficient amounts

when a deficiency of the compound is likely to cause physical symptoms

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2
Q

vitamins are classified as either..:(2)

A

water soluble

fat soluble

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3
Q

what are the primary water soluble vitamins

A

B group vitamins

vitamin C

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4
Q

what are the primary fat soluble vitamins

A

A
D
E
K

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5
Q

whats the difference between vitamins and mineral

A

vitamins are essential organic substances

minerals are inorganic compounds

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6
Q

all minerals are…

A

elements

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7
Q

minerals are elements and therefore remain…during absorbtion

A

intact

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8
Q

can minerals be synthesised by animals/plants/ in a laboratory?

A

no

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9
Q

minerals are classified as either …(2)

A

major/macro

trace

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10
Q

what are major/macro minerals

A

minerals that are needed to be consumed in large amounts

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11
Q

what are trace minerals

A

minerals that are needed in smaller amounts

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12
Q

primary macro/major minerals (7)

A 
Ca
P
Mg
Na
K
Cl
S
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13
Q

primary trace minerals (8)

A 
Zn 
Fe
Cu
Se
Cr 
I 
F
Mn
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14
Q

three broad roles of minerals

A

regulate cellular metabolism

provide structure

maintain normal heart rhythm/muscle contrac./neural conductivity acid base balance and fluid balance

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15
Q

mineral’s role in cellular metabolism

A

act as coenzymes/cofactors

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16
Q

minerals role in providing structure for eg

A

bones and teeth Ca

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17
Q

where are micronutrients absorbed

A

small intestine

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18
Q

where are fat soluble vitamins stored (2)

A

liver and adipose tissue

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19
Q

how are fat soluble vitamins packaged(2)

A

with fatty acids and bile

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20
Q

where are fat soluble vitamins packaged(1)

A

micelles

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21
Q

how are water soluble vitamins digested

A

absorbed with water directly inot the blood stream

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22
Q

how are minerals digested

A

require protein carriers/transporters

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23
Q

what is more common, micronutrient deficiency or toxicity?

A

deficiency

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24
Q

what can micronutrient toxicity cause

A

it can damage cells

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25
Q

only ….-….% of micronutruients eaten are absorbed into blood streat

A

3-10%

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26
Q

vitamins are particularly susceptible to exposure to..(5)

A 
air
UV
boiling
temperature
pH
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27
Q

are vitamins more/less stable in acidic environment

A

more

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28
Q

how does boiling food affect levels of bitamins

A

water soluble vitamins leak into water

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29
Q

air particularly afects vitamins with …..function

A

antioxidant

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30
Q

what factor effects levels of mineral absorption

how?

A

mineral storage (more stored –>less absorbed)

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31
Q

minerals often compete with each other for ….. in the ….tract

A

absorption

IG

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32
Q

micronutrients - two key functions that will be explored in cam 101

A

antioxidant

energy production and metabolism

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33
Q

primary micronutrients that act as antioxidants

(3) vit
(4) minerals
(1) other

A 
Vit A
C
E
Fe
Cu
Se
Mn
Phytochemicals
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34
Q

how do antioxidants work (2)

A

oppose oxidation

stabilizing free radicals

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35
Q

relationship between free radicals and antioxidants

A

free radicals have an unparied electron
this causes chain oxidation reactions as they seek electrons
this can lead to oxidative stress and increase risk of heart disease, cancer and accelerate aging

antioxidants lend their electrons to stabilise damaged atoms

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36
Q

what are phytochemicals

A

they are not considered essential micronutrients sucha s vitmains or minerals

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37
Q

are phytochemicals good for you

A

yes

they hjave important health benifits

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38
Q

the colour of foods, correlates with specific …

A

phytochemicals

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39
Q

what is the main function of B group vitamins

A

to function as coenzymes in energy production

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40
Q

what role does Fe play in fuel metabolism

A

oxygen delivery to electron transport chain

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41
Q

food sources of B group vitamins(2)

A

grains

dairy and meat

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42
Q

milling of grains leads to..

A

loss of vitamins and minerals

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43
Q

are B group vitamins stored in high quantities

A

not generally

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44
Q

vit B deficiency affects cells with…

A

high turnover/energy demand eg skin

nervous system

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45
Q

main b group vitamins involved in metabolic function

A

B1- thiamin
B2-riboflavin
B3-niacin
B5-pantothenic acid

46
Q

B1 - thiamin –>coenzyme (name)

A

thiamin pyrophosphate (tPP)

47
Q

B2-riboflavin–>coenzyme (2)

A

FADH2

FAD(oxidied)

48
Q

B3- niacin–>enzyme (2)

A

NADH2

NAD (reduced)

49
Q

B5-pantothenic acid –>coenzyme

A

CoA

50
Q

B1-

A

thiamin

51
Q

B2-

A

riboflavin

52
Q

B3-

A

niacin

53
Q

B5-

A

pantothenic acid

54
Q

bloods main functions (3)

A

-transport oxygen
transport vitamins and minerals to cells
-remove waste products
-immunity (wbc)

55
Q

how is anemia caused

A

low levels of RBC so reduced oxygen supply to cells

56
Q

(2) micronutrients that are vital for good blood health

A

Fe

Vit B12

57
Q

roles of Fe in blood health and energy production (2)

A

transport oxygen

transport electrons

58
Q

what are folate and vit B12 crucial for (1)

A

DNA synthesis and regulation

59
Q

folate helps DNA synthesis how?

A

crucial for thymine production

60
Q

aside from DNA synthesis, vit B12 also palys a key role in (2)

A

FA synthesis and ATP production

61
Q

conversion of folic acid to thymine process (4 steps)

A

folic acid

  • -> H4folate
  • –>thymine
  • ->Methyl-FH4(by product)
62
Q

methyl-FH4 is a …. ….

A

dead end

63
Q

how do we turn methyl H4 folate back into useful form

A

homocysteine+methylFH4=methionine +H4folate

64
Q

vitamin B9 names (3)

A

folate/folacin/folic acid

65
Q

food sources of folate

A

vegetables and grains

66
Q

uptake/absorbtion of folate is …. mediated

A

receptor

67
Q

falote storage, where howlong

A

liver

short term

68
Q

what can folate deficiency result in (specific health conditions)

A

megaloblastic anemia

neural tube defects

69
Q

what is neural tube defect

A

happens during first moth of pregnancy

spinal column of feutus does not close properly

70
Q

symptoms of neural tube defect (3)

A

hydrocephalus (fluid on brain)
full/partial paralysis
bladder and bowel control

71
Q

what causes neural tube defect

A

folate deficiency

72
Q

what is megaloblastic anemia

A

oversized fragile RBC as cytoplasm grows at normal rate, however cell division is slowed

73
Q

primary sources of vitamin B12

A

meat
shellfish
eggs
dairy

74
Q

vit B12 deficiency effects (short term 1, long term 1)

A

short term: megaloblastic anemia:shortness of breath, fatigue

long term:nerve damage: numbness and tingling in arms and legs

75
Q

primary micronutrients involved in bone health

A

C
D
calcium

76
Q

calcium percentage in bones and teeth

A

99%

77
Q

percentage of calcium in blood

A

1%

78
Q

how is vitamin D involved in bone health

A

—> calcitirol –>it acts as a hormone in regulation of blood Ca

79
Q

what is calcitirol derived from

A

Vit D

80
Q

other than bone health, what are three other functions of vitmain D

A
  • regulation of cell differentiation and growth
  • protective against some cancers
  • immune function
81
Q

what is the primary active form of vitamin D

A

calcitirol

82
Q

deficiency in vit D, C and calcium may result in… (3)

A

rickets ( children
oestiomalacia (adults)

osteoperosis

83
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

disease characterized by low bone mass, and deterioration of bone tissue

84
Q

what is a cause of rickets / oteomalcia

A

vitamin D, calcium , vitmin C deficiency

85
Q

what is a common cause of oesteoporosis

A

vit D calcium vit C deficiency

86
Q

frequency of osteoperosis in poplulation

A

1 in 3 women
1 in 5 men
over 50

87
Q

primary micronutrients involved in growth and development

A

vit A
iodine
zinc

88
Q

how does vitamin A contribute to growth and development (broad role)

A

its involved in cell differentiation and growth

89
Q

how is iodine involved in growth and development(broad role )

A

thyroid hormones

90
Q

how is zinc involved in growth and development (broad role )

A

gene, enzymatic regulation and protein structure

91
Q

how does vitamin A deficiency affect epithelial cells

A

can lead to unhelathy cells that are flat, hard, and unable to produce mucus

92
Q

process of absorption of vitmain A(4)

A
  • beta carotene (provitamin A)
  • —->retinaldehyde

—>retinol(vit A) and etonoic acid

93
Q

conditions that may result from vitamin A ddeficiency (6)

A

-impaired immunity,
-reproductive system disorders
-grotwth problems
-night blindness
increased keritiniastion of conear –>tear production impaired

94
Q

toxicity of vitamin A symptoms (4)

A

headache
diarrhea
vomiting
loss of appetite

95
Q

why can vitamin A toxicity only usually caused by supplimentstion

A

because in foods, vitamin A is in form of beta-carotene, which is then broken down into retinol (vit A)
if consumed in excess, conversion of beta-carotene to vit A will cease

96
Q

what is the physical symptom of beta carotene over-consumption

A

yellow skin

97
Q

broad three categories of zinc function in the body

A

regulation
structural function
enzymatic function

98
Q

zinc - enzymatic funcition
(1)
–>(4)

A

it is essential for over 250 different enzymes and therefore alcohol metabolism, digestion and bone formation

99
Q

zinc - structural roles (4)

A
  • DNA replication
  • night vision
  • antioxidant function
  • immune function
100
Q

zinc - structural roles - immune function , how?(1)

–>(3)

A

aid in the production of lymphocytes, macrophages and cytokines

101
Q

zinc - regulatory functions (2)

A

regulation of gene expression

cell signalling and homone regulation

102
Q

zinc deficiency is commonly seen in what demographic

A

alcoholics

103
Q

zinc deficiency - structural functions - consequences (3)

A

night blindness
impaired immune function
loss of taste

104
Q

zinc defiency - regulatory functions - consequences (3)

A

poor wound healing
poor growth and development
poor sexual development

105
Q

main function (1) of iodine

A

metabolic control

106
Q

deficiency in iodine symptoms (4)

A
  • fatigue and weight gain
  • enlarged thyroid gland
  • foetal growth effects
  • cretinism- stunted physical and mental growth
107
Q

primary effect of iodine deficiency

A

blocks synthesis of thyroid hormones

108
Q

primary food source of iodine

A

salt water foods (seafood)

109
Q

what are the most common deficiencies word wide (%0

A 
Iron,
zinc,
folate,
vitamin A,
iodine
110
Q

possible solutions for common deficiencies (3)

A

education
supplementation
fortification

Bio /chem/cell (13 decks)

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