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Bio /chem/cell > carbohydrates W2 > Flashcards

carbohydrates W2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are carbohydrates main function

A

to provide energy

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2
Q

how much energy (cal) does 1 g of carbohydrates produce

A

4.2 cal

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3
Q

what is the preferred fuel source of the nervous system

A

glucose

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4
Q

what are the structural functions of carbohydrates (2)

A

DNA/RNA

linked to proteins and lipids

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5
Q

carbohydrates are classified according to:……

A

size

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6
Q

primary monosaccharides (3)

A

glucose

fructose

galactose

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7
Q

where is glucose found in diet (1)

A

fruit and vegetables

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8
Q

where is fructose found in the diet (3)

A

sugar
honey
fruit and veg

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9
Q

where do you find galactose in the diet (1)

A

milk sugar

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10
Q

primary disaccherides (3)

A

sucrose
lactose
maltose

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11
Q

how are disaccherides formed

A

monosaccerides join together with weak covalent bonds via dehydration synthesis

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12
Q

what is the name of the weak covalent bonds that hold monosaccherides together to form disaccherides

A

glycosidic bond

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13
Q

between which parts does the glycosidic bond form in a disaccheride

A

hydroxyl group (OH)of C1 of a monosaccheride and the hydroxyl group of a second monosaccheride (only H)

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14
Q

ratio of CHO in a monosaccheride

A

(1:2:1)

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15
Q

what are the key hexose sugars(6C)(3)

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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16
Q

what are the key pentose sugars (5C) (2)

A

deoxyribose

ribose

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17
Q

chemical formula of hexose monosaccherides

A

C6H12O6

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18
Q

monosaccherised have a ring structure, given that the PH is…

A

7

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19
Q

chemical formula of common disaccherides

A

C12H22O11

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20
Q

where is the dietwould you find sucrose (1)

A

table sugar, and anything that has it

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21
Q

where in the diet would you find lactose(3)…not (1)

A

lactose is milk sugar, therefore in milk products eg
milk
yoghurt
icecream

not butter

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22
Q

where in diet would you find maltose (2)

A

beer and liquor

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23
Q

what is alpha formation

A

trans to C5 (right OH facing down)

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24
Q

what is beta formation

A

Cis to C5 (right OH facing up)

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25
Q

> 6 monosaccerides=

A

polysaccheride

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26
Q

2-6 monosaccherides=

A

Oligosaccheride

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27
Q

what is starch

A

the stored form of carbohydrates in PLANTS

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28
Q

what is fibre

A

part of cell wall of plants

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29
Q

can fibre be digested by humans

A

no

30
Q

what is glycogen

A

stored form of carbohydrates in ANIMALS

31
Q

polysaccherides in the diet (3)

A

grains
legumes
root vegetables

32
Q

starch is …..polumers

A

glucose

33
Q

what is the major source of carbohydrates in our diet(1)

A

starch

34
Q

what do plants store glucose as (2)

A

amylose

amylopectin

35
Q

structure of amylose (shape and linkage)

A

linear

Alpha 1-4

36
Q

structure of amylopectin (shape and linkage)

A

branched
Alpha 1-4
branch: Alpha 1-6
every 24-30 residues

37
Q

two structures of polysaccherides

A

linear

branched

38
Q

what enzyme aids in the digestion of amylose and amylopectin

A

amylase enzymes

39
Q

where is the amylase enzyme found(2)

A

mouth and small intestine

40
Q

two types of fibre

A

soluble and insoluble

41
Q

what is cellulose

A

insoluble fibre

42
Q

name the primary insoluble fibre

A

cellulose

43
Q

where is cellulose found

A

in all plant foods, it is the main structural component of the plant cell wall

44
Q

cellulose structure and linkage

A

glucose molecule chains with Beta 1-4 linkages

45
Q

how is cellulose digested

A

it isnt, it adds to bulk of stool

46
Q

examples of soluble fibre (4)

A

some hemicellulose
pectin
gums
Beta glucans

47
Q

what happens to soluble fibre in digestive process

A

is soluble therefore it forms viscous gel

48
Q

what happens to the viscous gel that soluble fibre forms in the gut

A

bacteria in colon ferment the gel forming short fatty acid chains which can be absorbed and used for energy production

49
Q

advantages of glycogen (3)

A
  • insoluble
  • readily converted back onto glucose in liver
  • readily converted to energy (liver and muscle)
50
Q

glycogen structure (1) and linkages (3)

A

-highly branched glucose polymer
-Alpha 1-4
-branches: Alpha 1-6
branches every 12 residues

51
Q

advantages of glucose

A

water soluble—> free glucose in bloodstream

-can enter ALL cells and be used for energy production

52
Q

which cells only use glucose (2)

A

brain and RBC

53
Q

what transports glucose into skeletal muscle cells

A

gluT 4 transporters

54
Q

what transports glucose into liver cells

A

gluT 2 transporter

55
Q

skeletal muscle and adipose tissue require ……. to increase cell’s uptake of glucose

A

insulin

56
Q

how does insulin affect a cells glucose uptake

A

insulin binds to receptor, and signals for more gluTs to move to cell membrane and increase uptake of glucose

57
Q

is glucose osmotically active

A

yes

58
Q

glucose is osmotically active, what can this cause

A

dehydration

59
Q

what can chronically high blood glucose levels lead to

A

non-specific binding of glucose to proteins

60
Q

hihg blood glucose levels –> non-specific binding of glucose to proteins is a common problem in

A

type 2 diabetes

61
Q

what are the two main hormones involved in blood glucose regulation

A

insulin and glucagon

62
Q

where is glucagon released from

A

alpha cells of pancrease

63
Q

glucagon is released from…. and travels to….

A

pancreas

liver

64
Q

insulin is release from

A

beta cells of pancreas

65
Q

insulin travels from …. to…..

A

pancreas

skeletal muscle
liver
adipose tissue

66
Q

insulin is released in response to…..

A

high blood glucose levels

67
Q

glucagon is released in response to …..

A

low glucose levels

68
Q

glucagon is released, this causes a …..in blood glucose levels

A

increase

69
Q

insuling is released, this causes an…..in blood glucose levels

A

decrease

70
Q

health benefits of fibre (4)

A
  • toxins have less contact with body
  • binds with carcinogens
  • eat less
  • binds to cholesterol
71
Q

risks of low fibre diet (6)

A
  • constipation
  • haemorrhoids
  • irritable bowel syndroe
  • obesity
  • coronary heart disease
  • colon cancer

Bio /chem/cell (13 decks)

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