Lipids W2 Flashcards
lipids, general functions(6)
- energy
- insulation
- protection
- transport
- signalling mollecules and hormones
- immunity and inflamitory response
example of fats involved in signalling molecules and hormones(3)
eicosanoids
cholesterol
steroid hormone (is lipid soluble)
what elements are lipids made from
C H O
both lipids and carbohydrates are made up of C H O, what makes them different(2)
different ratios
less polar bonds due to less oxygen
where is fat stored
adipose tissue
four primary types of lipids
triglycerides
phospholipids
cholesterol
eicosanoids
basic unit of lipids
fatty acid
basic structure of fatty acid (3)
- omega (methyl) end
- hydrophobic carbon chain
- hydrophilic carboxyl end
which is the hydrophobic part of a fatty acid
the carbon chain
which is the hydrophilic part of a fatty acid chain
the carboxyl end
the fist carbon down from the carboxyl carbon on a fatty acid is the ……carbon
beta
what are saturated fatty acid
hasno c-c double bonds
how are carbon atoms added to/removed from saturated fatty acids
in 2s
are unsaturated fatty acids essential
no
two types of unsaturated fatty acids (based on number of double bonds)
mono and poly
in poly unsaturated fatty acids, how far apart are the c=c double bonds
3 c atoms c=c_c_c=c
example of monunsaturated fatty acid (1) and where(what food) is it found(2)
Oleic aicd
- various plant and animal sources
- lots in olive oil
example of polyunsaturated fatty acid(1) and what food its found in(1)
alpha linolenic aicd
seed based oils
essential fatty acids, which bonds (2)
omega 3
omega 6
what are omega 3 fatty acids essential for (2)
development of nervous system and retina
what are omega 6 fatty acids essential for (1)
key component of phospholipid membrane
what do omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids have in common
they are both essential
name a key omega 3 fatty acid
ALA: alpha linolenic acid
name a key omega 6 fatty acid
LA: linolenic acid
structure of alpha-linolenic acid
C18: 3, w3
structure of linolenic acid
C18, 2, w6
what type of fatty acid is alpha linolenic acid
polyunsaturated, omega three
what type of fatty acid is linolenic acid
polyusaturated: omega 6
two types of UNSATURATED fatty acids based on overall shape of double bond
cis
trans
what affects the function of a fatty acid (3)
number
location
and type (cis or trans) of double bond
unsaturated fatty acids cis configuration shape of molecule
bent
unsaturated fatty acid, trans configuration shape of molecule
straight
trans fatty acids have a similar shape and act in similar way to …..fatty acids
unsaurated
why are cis fatty acids considered good
increase fluidity of lipidbilayer
why are trans fatty acids bad
decrease fluidity of lipid bilayer
high levels of trans fatty acid and saturated fatty acid intake may lead to… (2)
high cholesterol levels
risk of cardiovascular disease
where is the diet can you find saturated fatty acids (4)and others)
animal foods -
meat dairy
butter oils
coconut, palm, palm kernel oils
where is the diet can you find monounsaturated fatty acids (5)and others)
nuts olives avocados meat products oils -olive, grape seed, macadamia nut, sesame seed oils
where is the diet can you find polyunsaturated fatty acids - omega 3 (4)
fish - salmon
dark green leafy veg
flaxseed walnuts and soybeans
where is the diet can you find polyunsaturated fatty acids - omega 6 (2)
veg oils
flaxseed wallnuts and soybeans
how are TGs formed
condensation of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
do triglycerides have long term or short term storage
long term
does triglyceride storage have limits
not really
other than fatty acids, TG can be made from … (2)
glucose
amino acids
can TG be turned into glucose or AAs
no
catabolism of TG produces…
energy
TG as energy source mainly used ny..(3)
liver
heart
skeletal muscle
beta oxidation requires presence of…
oxygen
TG supplies ….-….% of our energy at rest
50-60
how much energy does 1g of TG provide
9cal
how is cholesterol different from other lipids
contains four aromatic rings with short hydrocarbon tail
key functions of cholesterol(3)
- key component of plasma membrane
- key component of bile which aids in digestion of fats
- production of steroid and VitD
what part of cholesterol is used in the production of steroid hormones
the aromatic ring
where in the diet is cholesterol found?(4)
cheese
shell fish
egg yolk
meat
where is cholesterol made primarily
liver
is cholesterol essential
no
what lipids serve key roles in the phospholipid membrane (3)
polyunsaturated
phospholipids
cholesterol
how does cholesterol help maintain membrane fluidity
disrupts the regular interactions between phospholipids
how is cholesterol positioned in the phospholipid membrane
ring structure near phospholipid heads
fatty acid tail buried in hydrophobic tails
when are eicosanoids made
as required
what are the main functions of eicosanoids
they are in control of…. (3)
- blood clotting
- blood pressure
- immune system and inflammatory response
where/how are eicosanoids made
20-c polyunsaturatedFAchains that are cleaved from the phosphoipid membrane
two ways in which lipids are transported
free fatty acids bind to albumin
lipoproteins
what is albumin
plasma protein
free fatty acids that are bound to albumin usually travel from ….. to ……
adipose tissue
other places
lipoproteins travel from…. to …..
other places
adipose tissue
primary components of lipoprotein (4)
in —> out
TG
phospholipid +cholesterol
apolipoprotein
fist lipoprotein to be made
chylomicrons
what are chylomicrons composed of
90% TG
after ….% of TG is removed from chylomicrons the chylomichron remnant travels to the …….
80%
liver
where are chylomicrons made
enterocytes of small intestine
VLDL primarily consist of ….
TG
VLDL= …..% TG
60%
LDL consist primarily of ….
cholesterol
LDL=……% cholesterol
45%
HDL consist primarily of …
protein
HDL=…-….% protein
45-50%
what do HDLs do
binds to plasma cholesterol and transports it to liver
lipoproteins in order of HIGH –>LOW TG content
chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL
journey of chylomicron: from…..to…..
what does it transport
small intestine body cells
fats
journey of VLDL: from… to …
what does it transport
liver
adipose tissue
TG
journey of LDL: from….. to ….
what does it transport
liver
peripheral tissues
cholesterol
journey of HDL: from…. to…..
what does it transport
plasma membrane
liver
cholesterol
where are VLDLs and LDLs made
liver
what is the name of the enzyme that increases TG breakdown and where is it found
Hormone sensitive lipase
adipose tissue
what activates hormone sensitive lipase (2)
glucagon and epinephrine
benefits of essential fatty acids (w6 and w3)
decrease the risk of CDV
fat contributes to …..% of our calorie intake
30%
too much saturated fatty acids in diest can increase risk of ….(4)
obesity
metabolic syndrome
type 2 diabetes
cardiovascular disease
