Micronutrient part two lecture 17

Question 1

How are minerals divided?

Answer 1

Into macro and microminerals based on their occurrence within the body

Question 2

What diseases can incorrect mineral nutrition be linked to?

Answer 2

Anemia
Diabetes
Cancer
Osetoporosis
Hypertension

Question 3

What are some functions of minerals?

Answer 3

Build tissue i.e bones and Ca
Co-factors in reactions and regulators of metabolism
i.e Mg
Immune function
i.e iron
Are not sources of energy but are required for energetic reactions to occur

Question 4

What are macominerals?

Answer 4

Minerals found in more than 5 g.

per a day typically need 100mg consumption

Question 5

What is a micromineral?

Answer 5

Minerals found in less than 5g mass in body

Dietary need of 1-100mg per day

Question 6

What are some macrominerals?

Answer 6

Ca
Cl
Mg
K
Na

Question 7

What are some microminerals?

Answer 7

Fe
Zinc
Selenium

Question 8

How is mineral absorption effected?

Answer 8

• Minerals compete for the same binding site therefore can prevent one another from being absorbed
  i. e Ca and Mg
• Fiber-mineral interactions decreases Ca absorption
• Minerals bind to phylates and are excreted in feces and urine
• Prescription drugs i.e aspiring can inhibit absorption (Ca)
• Minerals are depleted when drugs are metabolized i.e antiinflammatories

Question 9

Whats the bodies most abundant mineral?

Answer 9

Ca

Question 10

What does Ca bind with to form crystalline structures?

Answer 10

Binds with K to form crystalline structures in the teeth and bones

Question 11

Whats the role of ionized Ca?

Answer 11

• Muscle contractions
• Neurotransmission
• Activity of enzymes
• Blood clotting
• Fluid movement across plasma membrane

Question 12

What does high and low blood calcium result in?

Answer 12

high = bone formation
low = bone demineralisation

Question 13

What vitmain is required for Ca absorption?

Answer 13

Vitamin D

Question 14

Apart from Ca what other factors influence bone health?

Answer 14

Estrogen levels
Alcohol consumption
Caffeine consumption

Question 15

Whats the RDI of calcium?

Answer 15

1000mg (should be more for estrogen deprived women)

Question 16

How do calcium and energy intake change one another?

Answer 16

Both increase, more energy = more Ca intake.

Question 17

How is iron primarily found within the animal meat?

Answer 17

60% found in the form of heme

Question 18

Where are non-heme forms of iron found?

Answer 18

Both in animals and plants

heme is better absorbed than non-heme

Question 19

At what iron levels does anemia occur?

Answer 19

<12g/Di

Question 20

What is iron a part of?

Answer 20

Hemoglobin
Myogolbin
Cytochrome c oxidase

= therefore necessary for aerobic metabolism

Question 21

Which class of athletes is anemia a concern for?

Answer 21

Endurance athletes particularly women

Question 22

Compared to the normal population with regards to iron, what are athletes?

Answer 22

Considered anaemic (sports anemia)

Question 23

What is sports anemia?

Answer 23

dilution of normal haemoglobin content by a larger plasma volume.

Question 24

What is the most common cause of proper anemia?

Answer 24

Iron defficiency

Question 25

What does anemia result in?

Answer 25

* Can lead to low haemoglobin and fatigue * Leads to fatigue with exertion * When mild, comes on with strenuous exercise

Question 26

Whats the incidence of iron deficiency?

Answer 26

10% of young women are iron deficient and 3-5% are anaemic. rare among men Anemia is dependent on the person

Question 27

Does exercise cause anemia or unmasks it?

Answer 27

Evidence says it unmasks it

Question 28

What are some possible causes for ion loss for athletes

Answer 28

``` GI bleeding (20% recreational runners) Sweat! (0.3 mg iron lost per 1L) ```

Question 29

Whats the function of phosphorus in the body?

Answer 29

• Combines with calcium, providing rigidity to bone, teeth etc. • Essential component of ATP and CP. • Key role in the structure of DNA and RNA • Participates in buffering acids • Hydrogen ions are secreted from kidney with aid of phosphorus

Question 30

Do people get phosphorus deficiency?

Answer 30

Rare

Question 31

Whats the function of magnesium?

Answer 31

- Formation of muscle and liver glycogen from glucose • Breakdown of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids • Conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction • Function of hormones • Synthesis of protein

Question 32

What can depress Mg absorption?

Answer 32

Very high levels of Ca

Question 33

Whats the typical consumption of Na and how much do we need?

Answer 33

• Daily requirement is 0.5 g and the upper recommended intake is 2.4 g/day. • Average consumption is 4-5 g/day

Question 34

How are mineral concentrations in athletes judged?

Answer 34

Dietary records are difficult for minerals since bioavailability can vary between foods and people • Further, blood samples do not always tell you how much is in storage • However, again mineral intake seems to be adequate if a well balanced diet is consumed.

Question 35

What sort of people would be at risk for mineral difficienes?

Answer 35

Diet restricted athletes i.e vegans