General principles (lecture two)

Question 1

What is catabolism and anabolism?

Answer 1

C = Breakdown
A = Build up

Question 2

What is the number one fuel source during moderate length exercise?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates are the primary fuel source, specifically glucose is mainly used.

Question 3

What is metabolism?

Answer 3

The sum of processes through which a substance undergoes within the body

Question 4

What are macronutrients and some examples?

Answer 4

Substances that are required in amounts greater than 1g per a day

e.g water, protein, fats and carbohydrates

Question 5

What are micronutrients?

Answer 5

Substances that are required in amounts less than 1g per a day

e.g vitamins, minerals, trace elements,

Question 6

What mostly provides the body with energy?

Answer 6

Carbs and fats

Question 7

What is used by the body to grow and develop?

Answer 7

Proteins

Question 8

What regulates metabolism?

Answer 8

Vitamins, minerals and proteins

Question 9

How is glucose used as a fuel source?

Answer 9

Oxidative phosphorylation, glucose is broken down and the energy released is used to create ATP. Which is used to perform work

Question 10

What is a carbohydrate?

Answer 10

Something made from C,H,O in a molar ratio

e.g

Glucose = C6H12O6
Lactose = C3H6O3

Question 11

How can carbohydrates be further categorized?

Answer 11

Mono, Di, oligo (2-9), Polysaccahrides (10+)

Question 12

What are some examples of monosacchrides?

Answer 12

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose (pentamer)

Question 13

What are some examples of disaccahrides?

Answer 13

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

Question 14

What are some examples of polysacchrides?

Answer 14

Startch
Glycogen
Fibre

Question 15

How do different carbohydrates function as a fuel source?

Answer 15

All carbohydrates are primarily converted to glucose for it to undergo oxidative phosphorylation.

The consequence of this is that different carbohydrates take different times to be converted to a fuel source therefore:

Glucose rich products provide instant energy
Polysaccharides tend to provide long term energy

Question 16

Is fibre a good source of energy?

Answer 16

No, it is not broken down by the body. However it does reduce colon cancer and decreased CVD

Question 17

What is a high sugar diet linked with?

Answer 17

Obesity, diabetes and CVD

Question 18

What is the difference between oil and lipids?

Answer 18

Oil is liquid form of fat, lipid is solid form

Question 19

What are the different types of fats?

Answer 19

SaturatedfFatty acids
Monounsaturated fats (one DB)
Polyunsaturated fats (2+ DB)
Cis, trans fatty acids ( bond orientation etc)

Question 20

Examples of a saturated fatty acid are:

Answer 20

Palmitic acid

Question 21

Examples of a monounsaturated fatty acid are:

Answer 21

oleic acid

Question 22

Examples of a polyunsaturated fatty acid are:

Answer 22

linoleic acid

Question 23

What is an example of trans, cis fatty acid

Answer 23

eladic acid

Question 24

How is FA stored?

Answer 24

AS tryglycerol, three FA plus glyceride

Question 25

How are FA transported?

Answer 25

Lipoproteins

HDL
LDL
Very LDL

Question 26

Whats the function of LDL?

Answer 26

Transports triglycerol around the blood for energy purposes

Question 27

Whats the function of HDL?

Answer 27

Carries cholesterol from the periphery to the liver for hormone synthesis

Question 28

What type of lipoprotein / cholesterol is bad

Answer 28

HDL is good cholesterol and LDL is bad cholesterol

Question 29

A diet high in fat intake results in

Answer 29

High levels of cholesterol

Question 30

What fats are bad?

Answer 30

Cis, trans and saturated fats

Question 31

What are the functions of lipids?

Answer 31

Storage of energy
protection
stores vitamins
cell strucure
Hormone production

Question 32

What are proteins?

Answer 32

Chains of amino acids (300+)

Question 33

How many AA are there?

Answer 33

20

Question 34

Of the AA how many are essential to humans?

Answer 34

11 are non essential while 9 are

Question 35

Whats the difference between high quality and low quality proteins?

Answer 35

High quality proteins contain essential AA only. While low quality have a mix

Question 36

What are some sources of low and high quality protein

Answer 36

High quality protein = Meat, soy

Low quality protein = Plants

Question 37

Why is water a macro nutrient?

Answer 37

60% of body
Solvent
Transports
Regulates temperature

Question 38

How much water is consumed daily?

Answer 38

2-3L, about 1.3L is food

Question 39

Whats the difference between vitamins and minerals?

Answer 39

Vitamins are organic, minerals are inorganic

Question 40

What are the functions of vitamins, minerals and trace ions?

Answer 40

Regulate body processes by influencing reactions.

Question 41

What do vitamins allow?

Answer 41

Energy burning

Question 42

What vitamins are produced by the body?

Answer 42

B12 ,K and D

Question 43

What are the diet recommendation terms i should know?.

Answer 43

RDI (good for 98% pop)
EAR (estimated average requirement for age,gender)
AI (average intake, based on a group of people tested assumed to be representative)
EER (esitmated energy requirement, based on individual needs)
UL (upper level of intake, based on evidence)

Question 44

What is AI used?

Answer 44

When no RDI is present

Question 45

Why is RDI unique?

Answer 45

It takes into account the country and its unique legislation i.e UK places vitamins in bread NZ doesnt.