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Nutrition Through The Lifecycle > Micronutrient Deficiencies > Flashcards

Micronutrient Deficiencies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the nutrients for which there may be deficiency in the UK?

A

Iron, Vitamin D, Iodine

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2
Q

What is a major factor determining the amount of iron absorbed?

A

Bioavailability

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3
Q

Where is iron primarily absorbed in the body?

A

Duodenum

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4
Q

What hormone regulates iron absorption?

A

Hepcidin

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5
Q

What are the two forms of dietary iron?

A
  • Haem
  • Non-haem
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6
Q

What percentage of iron in meat is in the haem form?

A

30-70%

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7
Q

What is the absorption rate of haem iron?

A

20-30%

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8
Q

What is the absorption rate of non-haem iron?

A

1-10%

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: Non-haem iron is absorbed best in the _______ state.

A

ferrous (Fe2+)

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10
Q

Name two promoting factors for iron absorption.

A
  • Vitamin C
  • Animal protein
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11
Q

Name two inhibiting factors for iron absorption.

A
  • Phytate
  • Polyphenols
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12
Q

What is the largest contributor to iron intake in the UK for children under 10?

A

Cereals and cereal products (52-53%)

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13
Q

What are the Dietary Reference Values (DRV) for young adult females (19-49 years) for iron?

A

14.8mg/d

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14
Q

What percentage of girls aged 11-18 years have a dietary intake below LRNI?

A

49%

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15
Q

What are common symptoms of iron deficiency?

A
  • Fatigue
  • Breathlessness
  • Insomnia
  • Tachycardia
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16
Q

What is a marker of poor iron stores?

A

Low ferritin

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17
Q

What food sources are very good for iron?

A
  • Meat
  • Offal
  • Fish
  • Eggs
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18
Q

What is the maximum over-the-counter iron supplement dosage?

A

14mg

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19
Q

What type of iron supplements are prescribed to treat anaemia?

A
  • Ferrous sulphate
  • Ferrous fumarate
20
Q

True or False: Iron absorption decreases when erythropoiesis is reduced.

A

True

21
Q

What is the mean daily intake of iron from food for women aged 19-64?

A

76% of RNI

22
Q

What percentage of adults over 65 years have low haemoglobin indicating iron deficiency anaemia?

A

15% men, 11% women

23
Q

Fill in the blank: Fortified breakfast cereals are a form of iron _______.

A

fortification

24
Q

What are the key micronutrients to be considered for deficiencies in the UK?

A

Iron, Vitamin D, Iodine

25
Q

What is the main source of Vitamin D?

A

Action of photosynthesis on the skin following irradiation with short wavelength UV light

26
Q

List some dietary sources of Vitamin D.

A
  • Oily fish
  • Liver
  • Fortified foods (e.g., cereals, margarines)
  • Tiny amounts in red meat and egg yolk
27
Q

What deficiency conditions are associated with Vitamin D?

A
  • Rickets
  • Osteomalacia
28
Q

How is Vitamin D status measured?

A

Plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)

29
Q

What plasma level indicates suboptimal Vitamin D status?

A

Traditionally less than 25nmol/l

30
Q

What factors affect Vitamin D status?

A
  • Genetic factors
  • Adiposity
  • Cutaneous synthesis
  • Liver or kidney disease
  • Diet
31
Q

When are 25(OH)D plasma levels highest and lowest in the UK?

A
  • Highest: July-September
  • Lowest: January-March
32
Q

Who is at risk of Vitamin D deficiency in the UK?

A
  • Asian and Afro-Caribbean populations
  • Housebound individuals
  • Older adults
  • Breastfed babies with low maternal Vitamin D
  • Young children using excessive sunscreen
  • Pregnant and lactating women
33
Q

What percentage of women aged 16-34 in Scotland had Vitamin D levels <25nmol/l?

A

38%

34
Q

What is the proposed RNI for Vitamin D for everyone aged over 4 years?

A

10ug/d

35
Q

What is the safe intake of Vitamin D for infants aged 0-11 months?

A

8.5-10ug

36
Q

What are the main functions of iodine in the body?

A
  • Synthesis of thyroid hormones T4 and T3
  • Regulation of cellular metabolism
  • Growth
  • Psychomotor development
  • Physical development and functioning
37
Q

What are the dietary sources of iodine?

A
  • Milk and dairy
  • Kelp
  • Iodised salt (not widely used)
38
Q

What is the UK RNI for iodine intake in adults?

A

140ug/d

39
Q

What is the main method for measuring iodine status?

A

Urinary iodine excretion (UIE)

40
Q

What health issues can arise from iodine deficiency?

A
  • Goitre
  • Growth impairment
  • Neurodevelopmental damage
41
Q

What is the recommended strategy to address iodine deficiency in pregnancy?

A

Fortification and supplementation

42
Q

True or False: The UK is within the top ten countries with the highest prevalence of iodine deficiency.

A

True

43
Q

Fill in the blank: Severe iodine deficiency can lead to _______.

A

goitre

44
Q

What emerging evidence is there regarding Vitamin D?

A

Possible non-skeletal health benefits

45
Q

What is a significant risk factor for iodine deficiency in teenage girls?

A

Low dairy intakes

Nutrition Through The Lifecycle (12 decks)

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