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Nutrition Through The Lifecycle > Breastmilk > Flashcards

Breastmilk Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lactation Length of human milk?

A

25-75 weeks

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2
Q

What is the:

Fat (%)
Lactose (%)
Protein (%)

Of human milk

A

Fat - 4.1
Lactose - 7.2
Protein - 1.3

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3
Q

What are the key components of human milk?

A
  • Protein
  • Fat
  • Lactose
  • Carbohydrates
  • Non-Nutritive Bioactive Factors
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
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4
Q

How does human milk support the immature systems of newborns?

A
  • Compensates for digestive system immaturity
  • Supports the immunological system
  • Provides appropriate nutrients and bioactive components
  • Offers allergy protection
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5
Q

What is colostrum and its role?

A

Colostrum is low volume milk high in nutrient density, especially in protein and fat-soluble vitamins, and plays an immunological and trophic role

Protects immature digestive and respiratory systems.

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6
Q

What is the energy content of mature human milk?

A

270-292 KJ/100ml or 65-70 Kcal/100ml

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7
Q

How does the protein content of human milk compare to cow’s milk?

A

Human milk: 0.9-1.2g/100ml; Cow’s milk: 3.4g/100ml

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8
Q

What are the major protein fractions in human milk?

A
  • Whey (60-70%)
  • Casein (30-40%)
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9
Q

What influences the fat content in human milk?

A

Diet, season, time of day, and time within one feed

Hind milk is higher in fat than foremilk.

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10
Q

What is the primary carbohydrate in human milk?

A

Lactose, which contributes 40-45% of energy

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance?

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Frequent, frothy liquid stools
  • Vomiting
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12
Q

What are some examples of non-nutritive bioactive fractions in human milk?

A
  • Growth hormones
  • Enzymes
  • Immunoglobulins
  • Anti-infective agents
  • Anti-inflammatory agents
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13
Q

What are the protective properties of human milk?

A
  • Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, IgG)
  • Leukocytes
  • Lactoferrin
  • Lysosymes
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14
Q

Which growth factors are found in human milk?

A
  • Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
  • Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)
  • Adiponectin
  • Leptin
  • Oligosaccharides
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15
Q

What is the role of enzymes in human milk?

A
  • Amylase - hydrolysis of polysaccharides
  • Lipase - hydrolysis of triglycerides
  • Glutathione peroxidase - carrier for selenium
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16
Q

How does the vitamin content of human milk depend on maternal diet?

A

Water-soluble vitamins are more sensitive to maternal diet; Vitamin A and K levels are higher in colostrum

17
Q

What is the mineral content comparison between human milk and cow’s milk?

A

Human milk has lower mineral content, with 6x less phosphorus and 4x less calcium than cow’s milk

18
Q

What is the bioavailability of trace minerals from human milk compared to cow’s milk?

A

Bioavailability of trace minerals like Zinc is superior in human milk

19
Q

True or False: Human milk protein content varies significantly between colostrum, transitional, and mature milk.

A

True

20
Q

Fill in the blank: The main role of colostrum is _______.

A

[immunological and trophic]

21
Q

What are the current recommendations for infant feeding?

A

Early initiation of breastfeeding within 1 hour of birth; Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months; Introduction of nutritionally adequate and safe complementary food at 6 months, with continued breastfeeding up to 2 years or beyond.

WHO and UNICEF (2021) recommendations emphasize the importance of early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding.

22
Q

What are the public health benefits of breastfeeding?

A

Breastfeeding provides unique nutrition and immunology, reducing illness and infections, and influencing cognitive and developmental outcomes.

Numerous studies indicate long-term health benefits associated with breastfeeding.

23
Q

What is the relative risk of hospitalization for infants with more intense breastfeeding for diarrhoea?

A

0.28 (72% reduced risk)

This statistic comes from a systematic review by Horta and Victora (2013) for WHO.

24
Q

What infections does breastfeeding protect against?

A
  • Gastrointestinal infection (vomiting and diarrhoea)
  • Respiratory infection
  • Inner ear infection (acute otitis media)

Protection is dose-dependent, with greater benefits observed with longer durations and quantities of breastmilk.

25
Q

What are the long-term health effects of breastfeeding according to Horta et al (2015)?

A
  • Overweight and obesity
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Performance in intelligence tests

The study indicates that benefits may extend beyond the duration of breastfeeding.

26
Q

How does breastfeeding affect obesity prevalence?

A

A small reduction in prevalence of overweight or obesity in children exposed to longer durations of breastfeeding (OR 0.74).

This effect is influenced by parental education and income levels.

27
Q

What is the protective effect of breastfeeding against Type 2 diabetes?

A

Breastfeeding may have a protective effect against T2DM particularly among adolescents and adults.

This conclusion is based on 11 studies, although the exact mechanism remains unclear.

28
Q

How does breastfeeding influence IQ performance in children?

A

Breastfeeding resulted in an increase of IQ by 3.4 points, with benefits remaining even after controlling for maternal IQ.

The benefits of breastfeeding on IQ were more pronounced in younger children.

29
Q

What are the benefits of breastfeeding for mothers?

A
  • Promotes uterine involution
  • Reduces risk of hemorrhage
  • Prolongs period of infertility
  • Increased protection from breast cancer
  • Helps with weight loss
  • Facilitates bonding with the baby
  • Cheaper than formula feeding

These benefits contribute to maternal health and wellbeing.

30
Q

What are some factors that interfere with breastfeeding?

A
  • Excess alcohol intake
  • Drug abuse
  • Smoking
  • Medical conditions (e.g., HIV, untreated TB)
  • Lactation failure

These factors can significantly impact a mother’s ability to breastfeed.

31
Q

What are the most common reasons mothers stop breastfeeding according to the Infant Feeding Survey 2010?

A
  • Insufficient milk (31%)
  • Baby not latching on properly (19%)
  • Painful breasts (12%)
  • Baby feeding too long (10%)
  • Taking too long/too tiring (8%)

Perceptions of not having enough milk often arise between 6 weeks and 4 months.

32
Q

What characteristics are common among mothers who breastfeed close to recommendations?

A
  • Professionals with non-manual occupations
  • Highest educational levels
  • Aged 30 or over
  • From ethnic minority backgrounds
  • First-time mothers

These demographic factors influence breastfeeding rates.

33
Q

What initiatives can promote breastfeeding?

A
  • Role model support
  • Employment policies
  • Flexible work schedules
  • BF buddies peer support system
  • Educational material and antenatal classes

Initiatives like the UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative help promote breastfeeding.

Nutrition Through The Lifecycle (12 decks)

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