Microm 442 Ch 1-4 Flashcards
Ch 1-4
1
Q
Francis Bacon
A
observations power accurate conclusions
2
Q
Hooke & van Leeuwenhoek
A
single-lensed microscopes
3
Q
light microscope
A
0.2µm
4
Q
electron micriscope
A
0.003µm and beyond
5
Q
x-ray crystallography
A
0.0001µm
6
Q
Edward Jenners
A
cowpox vaccination against smallpox
7
Q
florence nightingale
A
hygiene = avoid infection
8
Q
Pasteur & Koch
A
microbes as causative agents of disease
9
Q
Hans Christian Gram
A
Gram stain (crystal violet used)
10
Q
paul elrich
A
“606” salvarsan or sarsphenamine
11
Q
alexander fleming
A
penicillin
12
Q
ernst chain and howard florey
A
purification/production of penicillin
13
Q
gerhard domagk
A
sulfonamides
14
Q
avery, macleod, mccarty
A
dna is a transforming principle
15
Q
sanger
A
protein sequencing
16
Q
watson, crick, rosalind franklin
A
dna structure
17
Q
rich roberts
A
restriction enzymes
18
Q
herb boyer, stanley cohen
A
recombinant dna
19
Q
kary mullis
A
PCR
20
Q
prokaryotes have no
A
sterols
21
Q
Gm- cell
A
LPS, outer membrane, thin layer of peptidoglycan, s-layer and cytoplasmic membrane
22
Q
Gm+ cell
A
thick layer of peptidogylcan, cytoplasmic membrane and s-layer
23
Q
spheres
A
0.2-2µm
24
Q
rods
A
0.2-2µm wide by 1-10µm long
25
higher order arrangements
biofilms, microbiota (communities)
26
90% dry mass composed of macromolecules also found in eukaryotes
55% protein, 20% RNA, 3% DNA, 5% carbohydrate, 6% phosopolipid, the rest is UNIQUE
27
capsule/slime made of polysaccharide/polypeptide
GN, GP (also not found in some of either tho)
28
appendages, pilli (fimbriae), flagella
GN, GP (also not found in some of either tho)
29
outer membrane proteins, LPS, phospholipids
GN
30
peptidoglycan (murien, NAG, NAM, peptide side chains)
GN, GP
31
teichoic acids
GP
32
periplasm (proteins, oligosaccharides)
GN
33
cytoplasmic membrane
GN, GP, Mycoplasma
34
s-layer is in
some Gm+ but not all
35
lipid A of lPS
rapidly induces fever because recognized by the immune system
36
Gm+ do not have
potential space because no outer membrane(?)
37
transcriptional/translational coupling
can happen simultaneously because no true nucleus in bacteria
38
relationships with host
colonize, multiply, transmission
39
initially broader group narrowed by ability to maintain colonization; then same as age group of given environ
neonate
40
fetus is
micro-biologically sterile
41
important for keeping mutualistic bacteria in the right places and numbers for defense
normal functioning anatomy
42
staphlococcus epidermidis; other staphylococci; propionibacterium/cucibacterium; diphtheroids
skin
43
s.epidermidis; non-pathogenetic coynebacteria
conjunctiva
44
fibrial illness=
fever
45
streoptoccous mutains adhere to
teeth
46
10E08 orgs/mL
saliva
47
neisseria & moraxella
mouth
48
strict anaerobes and microaerophiliic organsisms associated with
gingival crevice
49
normally, small intestine and stomach
sparsely inhabited
50
bacterial enthodecrosis
bacteria from teeth to heart
51
90% anaerobes (bacteroides and fusobacterium)
10% facultative anaerobes (e.coli, enterobacteriaceae, enterococci, yeasts like candida)
colon
52
feces are about 25% bacteria by weight
colon
53
only recognizes human oligosaccharides -> co-evolution
bifidobacterium
54
helps reinforce barrier that maintains normal levels in GI tract
bifidobacterium
55
lacto-N-biosidase can degrade lacto-N-tetraose an abundant milk oligosaccharide (HMO)
LnbX
56
similar to skin, importantly includes staphylococcus aureus
nares
57
similar to mouth but 1. streptococcus pheumonia 2. Nisseria meningitidis 3. haemophilus influenzae
nasopharynx
58
protects larynx and below middle ear and sinuses
muociliary escalator
59
What external body part is part of the respiratory tract
ear
60
young children and people get more middle ear infections because
smaller
61
detection of sound
tympanic membrane
62
scanty microbiota from perineum in first 1 cm of urethra, sterile above this in health
urinary stract
63
before puberty/after menopause: mixed, non-specific from skin, colon, perineum
vagina
64
lactobacillius, anaerobic GNRs, GPC, Gardnerella, Mycoplasma, Ureaplama
child bearing years
65
Gardnerella, Mycoplasma, Ureaplama
can also be pathogenic in that space
66
is sterile but gets contaminated in bladder and onwards
urine
67
quantity, genetic attributes
opportunists
68
priming the immune system
beneficial effects
69
demonstrated by antibiotic treatment, contributes more to gene expression than you do
exclusionary effect
70
vitamin K (coagulation), digestion, malabsorption
nutritional
71
skin, cilia escalator, GI tract, etc.
barriers to infection
72
syn for diagnosis
Diacrisis
73
the determination of the nature of a disease
diagnosis
74
1. history 2. physical exam 3. imaging 4. laboratory testing 5. treatment
diagnosis steps
75
apply specific interventions to a clearly define problem (best antibiotic usually the cheapest but can only use when certain)
tailor therapy
76
great imitators, inflammatory cell death by immune system looks like:
1. heart attack
2. stroke
3. cancer
4. ?
exclude non-infectious causes of symptoms
77
specimen collected thru a site containing normal microbiota
indirectly non-sterile
78
at a site with normal microbiota (nasalpharynx, oralpharynx)
non-sterile
79
will only find what you are looking for
have a great sample
80
gram stain, acid-fast stain
bright field
81
thin organisms (spirochetes) e.g. syphilis
dark field
82
very sensitive but artifacts can cause problems (antibody that recognizes pathogen unless pathogen is sticky)
fluorescence
83
uses excitation wavelength to refract light on organisms membrane, looking for specific structures
fluorescence
84
two types of fluorescent microscopy
direct, indirect
85
antigen fixed to slide + fluorescein-labeled antibody
direct fluorescence
86
antigen fixed to slide + fluorescein-labeled antiimmunoglobulin which creates an antigen-antiobdy complex
indirect fluorescence
87
some need high amount of nutrients to grow
nutrient media
88
want inhibition of certain pathogens
selective media
89
show physiological attributes of pathogen
indicator species
90
low oxygen
microaerophillic
91
1. 9 log amplification: 1 bacteria forms a colony on a plate
2. ability to isolate single cells on a plate: singly colony isolation
conventional identifications two tools
92
catalase: h2o2->o2 + h2o
urease: (nh2)2c=o -> nh3 + co2
coagulase: fibrinogen -> fibrin clot
biochemical characteristics
93
pathogen->catalse breaks down hydrogen peroxide->kills microbes->minor wound care
nucleic acid sequences/functional genomics
94
genes in chromosome let them cause disease
functional genomics
95
produce: catalase, coagulase, etc.
enzymatic function
96
1. gross phenotype
2. biochemical characteristics
3. antigenic structures e.g. streptococcal polysaccharide
4. toxin production
5. nucleic acid sequences, functional genomics
6. flow of information: dna, rna, enzymatic functions, structure
identifying pathogens
97
identification of host immunoglobulins specifically recognizing antigens from pathogenic organisms
serological detection of disease
98
i) measured by titer
ii) acute disease: antibody titer increases
iii) significance: acute disease vs convalescent, 4-fold increase in titer, igM/igG primary vs secondary
hummoral immune response in a immunocompetent host
99
IgM
primary infection
100
IgG
secondary infection
101
more IgG formed
secondary response/second exposure
102
good for pathogen difficult/impossible to cultivate
pathogen specific nucleic acid sequences
103
can a dead pathogen cause an infectious disease
disease yes, infectious disease no
104
-false-positive due to contamination
-contamination obscuring diagnosis
-limited ability to assess properties of pathogen
molecular detection drawbacks
105
get a predominant product (dye terminator sequencing)
sanger sequencing
106
-accuracy for ID-> taxonomy -> families similar in pathogenic traits
-phylogeny (divergence of genetics indicates relation, RNA used)
-accurate molecular chronometer or "evolutionary clock"
sequencing platform requirements
107
primers for variable regions
specific id
108
competent host
primary pathogen
109
compromised host
1. loss of specific defenses
2. loss on non-specific defenses
opportunistic pathogen
110
occurs after colonization when multiplication is sufficient to cause damage/alter host
infection
111
rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, loss of function
inflammation
112
red
rubor
113
warmth
calor
114
pain
dolor
115
how much pathogen needed to establish infection
infectious dose
116
proximity, time, presence/absence of barriers
exposure parameters
117
bacterial replication - bacterial death
net replication
118
replication>death
+
119
replication
-
120
response time faster, going negative is good
vaccinated individual
121
successful colonization without sufficient multiplication
carrier/latent
122
quantitative measure of pathogenticity or likelihood of causing disease
virulence
123
quantitative measure of pathogens ability to infect another susceptible host
infectivity
124
#ppl infected/# susceptible and exposed
attack rate (infectivity)
125
1. adherence -> pili e.g. E.coli
2. motility -> flagella and chemotaxis e.g. enteric organisms
3. survival of fitness in environment outside of host
colonization
126
1. nutrition
2. avoiding host immune sureveillance
multiply
127
-iron
-siderophores -> enteric organisms
-lactoferrin/transferrin receptors= N. gonnorrhoeae
nutrition
128
salmonella & MTB
modify phagoloysosome
129
toxoplasma
block phagolysosome fusion
130
listeria, shigella
leaving phagolysosome (into cytoplasm)
131
1. inhibit phagocytosis
2. block complement mediated lysis
3. antigenic variation
extracellular
132
-capsules: s. pneumoniae
-IgA proteases: H. influenzae
-bind host proteins: fibirongen by M-protein of group A strep
inhibit phagocytosis
133
functions as dimer but cleaved by protease
IgA protease
134
s. typhimurium LPS -> decrease membrane potential by punching a hole in it
block complement mediated lysis
135
borrelia-> antigens on surface constantly changing
antigenic variation
136
pertussis toxin alters lymphocyte function
exotoxin
137
can overstimulate host regulating in DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
endotoxin
138
polyclonal t-cell proliferation
superantigens
139
-classical A B subunit toxins e.g. PT, DT, CT
-A catalytic sub-unit; ADP ribosylates G-proteins
-B membrane-binding subunits
-B binds to A and lets A into cytoplasm
exotoxins
140
hemolysins, large number repeats looks like compliment structures
RTX (repeats in toxin)
141
-GN -> LPS
-GP -> lipoteichoic acids
-Both -> peptidoglycan
endotoxins (part of microbes)
142
only expressed in the host
expression of virulent determinants
143
i) diphtheria toxin (A+B subunit)
ii) plasmids -> yersinia adhesins, invasins, and effectors
iii) transposons -> drug resistance
mobile virulence determinants
144
diphtheria toxin
A+B subunit
145
-S: sensor of environmental stimuli
-R: response regulator, regulates protein fxn/gene expression
2 component regulatory system (R/S)
146
-temperature
-ionic conditions (iron, calcium)
-oxygen concentrations
-pH
altered expression of determinants in response
147
