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MLE > Microbiology: Virology-1 > Flashcards

Microbiology: Virology-1 Flashcards

1
Q

Questions

A

Answers

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2
Q

What does a naked icosahedral virus have?

A

hexagon shape, nucleocapid (outer part) and nucleic acid in the middle

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3
Q

What does a enveloped icosahedral virus have?

A

Envelope: Lipid bilayer with surface proteins in them
then a capsid with nucleic acids in the middle
hexagon shape

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4
Q

What does an enveloped helical virus have?

A

circular in shape
envelope: lipid bilayer with surface proteins in it
matrix or core protein surrounding nucleic acid and nucleocapsid protein

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5
Q

Viral tropism for specific tissues is dependent on what?

A

Viral encoded envelope glycoproteins

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6
Q

The exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology

A

Recombination

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7
Q

What causes influenzae pandemics?

A

High-frequency recominbation

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8
Q

When viruses with segmented genomes exchange segments.

A

Reassortment ex. influenza virus

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9
Q

When 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein. The nonmutated virus complements the mutated one by making it a functional protein.

A

Complementation

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10
Q

When does phenotype mixing occur?

A

With simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses. Genome of virus A can be partially or completely coated (forming pseudovirion) with the surface protein from virus B. Type B protein coat determines the infectivity of the phenotypicially mixed virus. The progeny from the infection have a type A coat that is encoded by its type A genetic material!

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11
Q

What are live attenuated vaccines?

A

induce humoral and cell-mediated immunity but have reverted to virulence on rare ocasions

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12
Q

Killed vaccines do what?

A

Induce only humoral immunity, but are stable - don’t revert

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13
Q

Do you need a booster for live attenuated viral vaccines?

A

NO

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14
Q

Who can’t get live attenuated vaccines?

A

ICH or close relatives - because they can revert and infect the patient

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15
Q

What are live attenuated viral vaccines?

A

“Live! See small yellow chickens get vaccinated with Sabin’s and MMR”

Smallpox, yellow fever, chicken pox (VZV), Sabin’s polio virus, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)

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16
Q

What is the only live attenuated viral vaccine that you can give to HIV positive patients?

A

MMR

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17
Q

What viral vaccines are killed?

A

“RIP Always”

Rabies, Influenza, Salk Polio, HAV

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18
Q

What are Recombinant vaccines?

A

HBV (antigen = recombinant HBsAg), HPV (types 6, 11, 16, and 18)

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19
Q

All of the DNA viruses are what?

A
  1. Double stranded DNA except Parvoviridae

2. Linear except papilloma, olyoma, and hepadnaviruses (circular)

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20
Q

All of the RNA viruses are what?

A

Single stranded RNA except Reoviridae (it is double stranded)

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21
Q

What viral genomes are infectious?

A

purified nucleic acids of most dsDNA (except poxvirus and HBV) and positive strand ssRNA (mRNA) viruses are infectious

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22
Q

What naked viral genomes are not infectious?

A

Naked nucleic acids of negative strand ssRNA and dsRNA viruses are not infectious. They require enzymes contained in the complete virion

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23
Q

What are viruses ploidy?

A

All viruses are haploid (with one copy of DNA and one copy of RNA) except retroviruses, which have 2 identical ssRNA molecules (diploid)

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24
Q

Where do DNA viruses replicate?

A

In the nucleus except (poxvirus)

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25
Q

Where do RNA viruses replicate?

A

In the cytoplasm (except influenza and retroviruses)

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26
Q

What type of viruses won’t have phospholipids on the outside?

A

naked viruses

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27
Q

Which viruses are naked?

A 
"Naked CPR and PAPP smear"
Calicivirus
Picornavirus
Reovirus
Parvovirus
Adenovirus
Papilloma
Polyoma
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28
Q

Where do enveloped viruses get their envelopes from?

A

The plasma membrane when they exit a cell. Exceptions are herpesvirus, which acquire envelopes from nuclear membrane

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29
Q

Which virus gets its envelope from the nuclear membrane?

A

Herpesvirus

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30
Q

DNA enveloped viruses

A

Herpesviruses (HSV types 1 and 2, VZV, CMV, EBV), HBV, smallpox virus

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31
Q

DNA nucleocapsid viruses

A

Adenovirus, papillomaviruses, parvovirus

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32
Q

RNA enveloped virus

A

Influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, RSV, measles virus, mumps virus, rubella virus, rabies virus, HTLV, HIV

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33
Q

RNA nucleocapsid (naked) virus?

A

Enteroviruses (poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, HAV), rhinovirus, reovirus (rotavirus)

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34
Q

All DNA viruses

A 
HHAPPPPy
Hepadna
Herpes
Adeno
Pox
Parvo
Papilloma
Polyoma
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35
Q

All DNA viruses are dsDNA except

A

parvo (ssDNA)

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36
Q

All DNA viruses are linear except

A

papilloma and polyoma (circular, supercoiled) and hepadna (circular, incomplete)

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37
Q

All DNA viruses are icsahedral except

A

pox (complex)

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38
Q

All DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus except

A

pox (carries own DNA dependent RNA polymerase)

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39
Q

What are the different herpesviruses? What are their characteristics?

A

HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV (HHV-3), EBV (HHV-4), CMV (HHV-5), HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8

dsDNA with an envelope

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40
Q

what causes oral (and some genital) lesions, keratoconjunctivitis?

A

HSV-1

dsDNA, with an envelope

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41
Q

What does HSV-2 cause? What is its characterisitcs?

A

genital (and some oral) lesions

dsDNA with an evelope

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42
Q

VZV - characteristics and what does ti cause?

A

chickenpox, shingles, zoster

dsDNA (linear), with an envelope

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43
Q

CMV

A

dsDNA (linear), with an envelope

infection in ICH, especially in transplant recipients, congenital defects

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44
Q

HHV-6

A 
dsDNA (linear), with an envelope
causes roseola (exanthem subitum)
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45
Q

HHV-7

A

dsDNA (linear), with an envelope

clinically insignificant

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46
Q

HHV-8

A

dsDNA (linear) with an evelope
causes Kaposi’s sarcoma - associated with herpesvirus (KSHV)
common in HIV patients

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47
Q

Who commonly gets HHV-8 and how?

A

HIV patients from sexual contact

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48
Q

What is it and what causes it? High fevers for several days that can cause seizures, followed by a diffuse macular rash

A

Roseola - caused by HHV-6

*they don’t know how it is spread

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49
Q

What does Hepadnavirus cause? What are it’s characterisitcs?

A

HBV (hepatitis B): acute or chronic hepatitis, vaccine available, not a retrovirus but has reverse transcriptase
dsDNA (partial circular), with an envelope

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50
Q

What is not a retrovirus but has transcriptase?

A

HBV (Hepatitis B virus) Hepadnavirus

dsDNA (partial circular), with an evelope

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51
Q

What does Adenovirus cause? What is its characteristics?

A

dsDNA (linear), does not have an envelope
causes febrile pharyngitis - sore throat
Pneumonia, and Conjunctivitis - “pink eye” (watery)

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52
Q

What causes febrile pharyngitis - sore throat, pneumonia, and conjunctivitis (watery pink eye)

A

Adenovirus - dsDNA (linear) with an envelope

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53
Q

What viral family causes B19 virus?

A

Parvovirus - ssDNA linear (-), with no envelope

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54
Q

What is the smallest DNA virus?

A 
Parvovirus - causes B19
ssDNA linear (-), with no envelope
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55
Q

What does B19 virus cause?

A
  1. aplastic anemia in sickle cells patients
  2. “slapped cheeks” rash - erythema infectiosum (fifth’s disease) *rash spares nasolabial folds - lace like rash on trunk and extremities
  3. RBC destruction in fetus leads to
    hydrops fetalis and death
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56
Q

Papillomavirus characteristics and what does it cause?

A

dsDNA (circular), with no envelope

causes HPV

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57
Q

What can HPV cause?

A

genital warts, CIN, cervical cancer

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58
Q

What does Polyomavirus cause? What is its characteristics?

A

dsDNA (circular), with no envelope
cause JC virus - progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) (headaches, vision loss, memory problems, clumsiness, aphasia) in HIV patients

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59
Q

What are the two families that are considered papovavirus?

A

Papillomavirus, Polyomavirus

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60
Q

What is the largest DNA virus - what is its characteristics and what does it cause?

A

Poxvirus - dsDNA (linear), with an envelope
causes smallpox - now eradicated, could be used in germ warfare, vaccina (cowpox) - milkmaid’s bilsters, and molluscum contagiosum (

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61
Q

Most common cause of sporatic enchephalitis in the US what is the characteristics of the disease?

A

HSV-1

dsDNA (linear), with an envelop virus part of herpesvirus family

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62
Q

What can HSV-1 cause?

A

gingivostomatitis, keratoconjunctivitis, temporal lobe encephalitis, herpes labialis

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63
Q

What is the route of transmission of HSV-1?

A

Respiratory secretions, saliva

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64
Q

What does HSV-2 cause? How is it transmitted?

A

Herpes genitalis, neonatal herpes

transmitted via sexual contact, perinatal

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65
Q

What does VZV cause? How is it transmitted?

A

chickenpox, shingles (varicella-zoster), encephalitis, pneumonia
transmitted in respiratory secretions

66
Q

What virus remains dormant in trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia?

A

VZV - Herpesvirus dsDNA (linear) with an envelope

67
Q

What does EBV cause? How is it spread?

A

Infectious mononucelosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
transmission: respiratory secretions, saliva

68
Q

What does CMV cause? How is it transmitted?

A

congenital infection, mononucelosis (negative monospot), pneumonia, infected cells have Owl’s eye appearance
transmitted: congenital, tarnsvusion, sexual contact, saliva, urine, transplant

69
Q

What does HHV-6 cause? How is it transmitted?

A

Roseola: high fevers for several days that can cause seizures, followed by a diffuse macular rash
transmision: not determined

70
Q

How do you identify HSV?

A

Tzank test: a smear of an opened skin vesicle to determine multinucleated giant cells. Used to assay HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV

71
Q

intranuclear Cowdry A inclusions seen in what?

A

HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV
Herpesvirus
dsDNA (linear), with an envelope

72
Q

What are the 1 most common causes of focal brain lesions in HIV positive patient?

A

Toxoplasmosis and CNS lymphoma

73
Q

What does mononuclosis infect?

74
Q

fever, hepatosplenomegley, pharyngitis, and lymphadenpathy

A

Mono - EBV

75
Q

lymphadenpathy in posterior cervical nodes +hepatosplenomegly

76
Q

What is the peak incidence of mono?

A

15-20 year olds - most common during peak kissing years (the kissing disease)

77
Q

What type of T cells do you see in mono?

A

Abnormal circulating cytotoxic T cells (atypical lymphocytes)

78
Q

What cancers are EBV associated with?

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma, Burkitts lymphoma (kids in africa), nasopharyngeal carcinoma

79
Q

What has a negative monospot test?

80
Q

What has a positive monospot test?

81
Q

What does a positive monospot test mean?

A

Heterophil antibodies detected by aggluination of sheep RBC
heterophil (means the antibodies react across species lines)
*mix patients serum and sheep RBC - if agglutination occurs - test is positive!

82
Q

What viruses are in the family reovirus? What are the characteristics?

A

Reovirus (colorado tick fever) and Rotavrius (#1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children)
dsRNA (linear 10-12 segments) with no envelope, icosahedral (double)

83
Q

What viruses are in the family picornaviruses? What are the characteristics?

A

Poliovirus
Echovirus (aseptic meningitis)
Rhinovirus (common cold)
Coxsackievirus - aseptic meningitis, herpangina - febrile pharyngitis, hand, foot, and mouth disease, myocarditis
HAV - acute viral hepatitis
ssRNA (linear), icosahedral with no envelope

84
Q

What viruses are in the family Hepevirus? What are the characterisitcs?

A

HEV

ssRNA (linear), icosahedral with no envelope

85
Q

What viruses are in the family Caliciviruses? What are the characterisitics?

A

Norwalk virus - viral gastroenteritis

ssRNA, linear, icosahedral, with no envelope

86
Q

What viruses are in the family flaviviruses? What are the characterisitcs?

A 
HCV
yellow fever
dengue
St. Louis encephalitis
West nile virus
ssRNA, linear, icosahedral with a capsule
87
Q

What are the viruses in the family togaviruses? What are the characterisitcs?

A

Rubella (german measles), Eastern equine encephalitis, Western equine encephalitis
ssRNA linear, icosahedral, with an envelope

88
Q

What are the viruses in the family retrovirus? What are the characteristics?

A

HIV, HTLV (T-cell leukemia)
they have reverse transcriptase
ssRNA, linear, icosahedral and with an envelope

89
Q

What are the viruses in the family coronaviruses? What are the characteristics?

A

coronavirus - common cold and SARS

ssRNA, linear, helical with a capsule

90
Q

What are the viruses in the family Orthomyxoviruses? What are the characteristics?

A 
Influenza virus
ssRNA linear (-), 8 segments, helial with an envelope
91
Q

What are the viruses in the family paramyxoviruses? What are the characteristics?

A 
PaRaMyxovirus
Parainfluenzae (croup)
RSV (bronchiolitis in babies; rx. ribavirin)
Rubeola (measles)
Mumps
ssRNA, linear (-) (nonsegmented)
helical with an envelope
92
Q

What viruses are in the Rhabdovirus family? What are the characteristics?

A

Rabies

ssRNA, linear (-), helical with an envelope

93
Q

What are the viruses in the family Filoviruses? What are the characteristics?

A

Ebola/Marburg - hemorrhagic fever (often fatal)

ssRNA (-) linear, helical with an envelope

94
Q

What are the viruses in the family Arenaviruses? What are the characteristics?

A

LCMV - lymphocytic choriomenigitis virus
Lassa Fever encephalitis - spread by mice
ssRNA (-) circular 2 segments, helical with an envelope

95
Q

What are the viruses in the family Bunyaviruses? What are the characteristics?

A 
California encephalitis
Sandfly/Rift Valley fevers
Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever
Hantavirus - hemorrhaic fever, pneumonia
ssRNA circular (-) 3 segments, helical with an envelope
96
Q

What are the viruses in the family Deltavirus? What are the characteristics?

A

HDV

ssRNA (-) circular, helical with an envelope

97
Q

What are the arboviruses?

A

yellow fever, dengue, St. Louis encephalitis, West nile virus, eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, california encephalitis, Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever

98
Q

What are the negative stranded RNA viruses? What must they have?

A 
*must transcribe negative strand to positive. Virion brings its own RNA dependent RNA polymerase
"Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication"
Arenaviruses
Bunyaviruses
Paramyxovirus
Orthomyxovirus
Filoviruses
Rhabdoviruses
\+ Delta virus
99
Q

What viruses are segmented?

A 
Only RNA viruses
"BOAR"
Bunyaviruses
Orthomyxoviruses
Arenaviruses
Reoviruses
100
Q

What virus consists of 8 segments of negative stranded RNA?

A

Influenzae

*segments can undergo reassortment, causing antigenic shifts that lead to worldwide pandemics of the flu

101
Q

What are the picornaviruses?

A 
PERCH
poliovirus
Echovirus
Rhinovirus
Coxsackievirus
HAV
102
Q

What virus is the RNA translated into 1 large polypeptide that is cleaved by proteases into functional viral proteins?

A

Picornavirus (PERCH)

103
Q

Causes aseptic meningitis

A

Picornaviruses (except HAV and rhinovirus)

104
Q

Most common cause of the common cold, >100 serotypes

A

rhinovirus - part of picornavirus family

ssRNA (+), linear, w/o an envelope

105
Q

Virus transmitted by Aedes mosquitos? What is its reservoir?

A

Yellow fever virus - a flavivirus

monkey or human reservoir

106
Q

Virus that causes high fever, black vomitus, and juandice? What can you see in the liver?

A

Councilman bodies (acidophlic inclusions) - yellow fever virus - in the flavivirus family

107
Q

What is the most important global cause of infantile gasteroenteritis?

A

Rotavirus - in the reovirus family segmented dsRNA

*major cause of actue diarrhea in the US during the winter especially in daycares and kindergartens

108
Q

What happens in rotavirus?

A

villous destruction with atrophy leads to decreased Na+ absorption and thus decreased water absorption - loose both Na+ and water

109
Q

What family does the influenza virus belong to?

A

Orthomyxoviruses: enveloped, ssRNA with segmented genome

110
Q

What antigens does the influenza virus contain?

A

Hemagglutinin (promotes viral entry)

Neuraminidase (promotes progeny viron release) antigens

111
Q

People with this virus are at risk for fatal bacterial superinfection?

A

People with influenza virus - orthomyxovirus family

112
Q

What virus has rapid genetic changes?

A

Influenza - part of orthomyxovirus family

113
Q

Genetic shift is what and what does it cause?

A

Reassortment of viral genome (when human flu A virus reassembles with swine flu A virus)
causes PANDEMICS! Most deadly!

114
Q

Genetic drift is what and what does it cause?

A

minor (antigenic) changes based on random mutation

cause EPIDEMICS!

115
Q

How do you protect against influenza?

A

killed vaccine - available for elderly, healthcare workers each fall

116
Q

Cause of German (3-day measles)? What are symptoms?

A

Rubella virus - part of togavirus family

fever, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, fine truncal rash

117
Q

parainfluenza

A

croup - seal-like barking cough - part of paramyxovirus family

118
Q

what does paramyxovirus family include? What do they all contain?

A

parainfluenza, RSV, mumps, measles

*all contain surface (F) protein, which causes respiratory epithelial cells to fuse and form multinucleated cells

119
Q

What is used in RSV to neutralize F protein?

A

Palivizumab

120
Q

Koplik spots seen in what condition?

A

Rubeola (measles) a Paramyxovirus

121
Q

Red spots with blue-white canter on buccal mucosa

A

Koplik spots - measles (rubeola) a paramyxovirus

122
Q

SSPE, encephalits, giant cell pneumonia are all possible sequelae of what disease?

A

rubeola (measles) part of paramyxovirus family
SSPE forms years later
encephalitis 1:2000
giant cell pneumonia in ICH

123
Q

things seen in measles?

A

3 C’s
Cough, Conjunctivitis, Coryza
*koplik spots!
don’t confuse with roseola (HHV-6)

124
Q

Parotitis, Orchcitis, aseptic meningitis

A

Mumps - a paramyxovirus

can cause sterility

125
Q

Negri bodies

A

rabies - rhabdovirus

cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons

126
Q

bullet-shaped capsid, long incubation

A

rabies

the long incubation allows for immunization after exposure

127
Q

progression of rabies?

A

fever, malise - agitation, photophobia, hydrophoia - paralysis, coma - death

128
Q

How does rabies get into the neurons?

A

travels up CNS by migrating in retrograde fashion up nerve axons

129
Q

What most common carries rabies in US?

A

bat, raccoon, and skunk - in the US

dog bites more common in other countries

130
Q

How do you prevent rabies?

A

killed vaccine!

131
Q

How are arboviruses transmitted?

A 
by arthropods (mosquitos, ticks)
dengue fever, yellow fever
variant of dengue: hemorrhagic shock syndrome (from SE asia)
132
Q

arbovirues include

A

flavivirus, togavirus, bunyavirus

“Fever Transmitted by Bites”

133
Q

What are the viruses that cause lots of spots?

A

Rubella: togavirus: 3-day german Rubeola: paramyxovirus: measles
Roseola: Herpesvrius (HHV-6). high fevers followed by diffuse maculopapular rash
Varicella: Herpesvirus: chickenpox
Variola: Poxvirus: smallpox (no longer present outside of labs)

134
Q

Hepatitis viruses are what? Symptoms for Hepatitis?

A

All RNA viruses except Hepatitis B

fever, jaundice, elevated AST and ALT

135
Q

What Hepatitis viruses are transmitted fecal-orally?

A

Hepatitis A and Hepatitis B

136
Q

What Hep virus has no carries? What is its incubation period?

A

Hep A - short incubation period (3 weeks)

RNA picornavirus

137
Q

Hepatitis virus that is DNA. How is it transmitted?

A 
Hep B (DNA Hepadnavirus)
transmitted: pareneral, sexual, maternal-fetal routes
138
Q

How long is the incubation for Hep B? What enzymes does it have?

A

long (3 months)
enzymes: RNA polymerase transcribes RNA from DNA template, Reverse transcriptase transcribes DNA from RNA. the virion enzyme is a DNA dependent DNA polymerase

139
Q

Hep virus that is an RNA flavivirus? How is it transmitted?

A

Hepatitis C

Transmitted: in the blood - resembles HBV in its course and severity

140
Q

Post transfusion Hep and Hep in IV drug users?

141
Q

What Hepatitis can only coinfect or superinfect with Hep B?

A

Hep D - requires HBsAg as its envelope

superinfection if worse!

142
Q

Hep E

A

RNA hepevirus - transmitted enterically and causes water-borne epidemics - resmebles HAV in course, severity and incubation

143
Q

What Hep has a high mortality rate in pregnant women?

144
Q

Hep B and C do what?

A

predispose a patient to chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma

145
Q

Why do A and E cause GI problems?

A

naked viruses do not rely on an envelope, they are not destroyed in the gut

146
Q

If someone is IgG HAVAb positive what does that mean?

A

Indicates prior infection; protective against reinfection

147
Q

If someone is IgM HAVAb positive

A

Indicates active Hep A infection

148
Q

HBsAg

A

Antigen on surface of HBV; continued presence indicates carrier state

149
Q

HBsAb

A

Antibody to HBV - provides immunity to Hep B

150
Q

HBcAg

A

antigen to core of HBV

151
Q

HBcAb

A

positive during window peroid
IgM: indicate recent disease
IgG: chronic disease

152
Q

HBeAg

A

If high: high infectivity

153
Q

HBeAb

A

Antibody to e antigen; low transmissbility

154
Q

ALT>AST

A

viral hepatitis

155
Q

AST>ALT

A

alcoholic hepatitis

156
Q

HBsAg +
HBsAb -
HBcAb +

A

acute Hep B disease

157
Q

HBsAg -
HBsAb -
HBcAb +

A

window phase

158
Q

HBsAg -
HBsAb +
HBcAb +

A

complete recovery

159
Q

HBsAg +
HBsAb -
HBcAb +

A

chronic carrier

160
Q

HBsAg -
HBsAb +
HBcAb -

MLE (11 decks)

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