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Step 1 DIT > Microbiology pt.2 > Flashcards

Microbiology pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of vaccine uses a live virus that has been modified? What are some examples of live virus vaccines?

A

Live attenuated vaccines:

MMR, Sabine polio, VZV, yellow fever, small pox, intranasal influenza

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2
Q

What is the DNA structure of most DNA viruses? What are the exceptions?

A

double stranded and linear
Exceptions:
- parvovirus (ssDNA)
- papilloma, polyoma, hepadna(circular)

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3
Q

When should live virus vaccines be considered for HIV positive pts?

A
  • rotavirus for all infants with HIV
  • if CD4 >200, can give MMR, varicella
  • not recommend: intranasal flu, herpes zoster
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4
Q

Which viral families do not have an envelope? (8)

A

DNA: papilloma, adeno, parvo, polyoma
RNA: calici, picorna, reo, hepe

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5
Q

What is the treatment for the diff. herpes virus?

A

HSV 1, 2, VZV: acyclovir, valacyclovir, famciclovir

CMV: gangiclovir, foscarnet (if gang doesn’t work)

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6
Q

What group of pts is prone to esophagitis caused by CMV?

A

AIDS (CV4

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7
Q

Where is the latent herpes infection found in the body?

A 
HSV1: trigeminal ganglion 
HSV2: sacral ganglion 
VZV: dorsal root or trigeminal 
CMV: mononuclear cells 
EBV: B cells
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8
Q

What are Downey cells

A

T cells that respond to an EBV infection (atypical lymphocytes; foamy cytoplasm)

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9
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- erythema infectiosum (5th disease)

A

parvovirus B19

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10
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- heterophile-positive mononucleosis

A

EBV

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11
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- can cause conjunctivitis or diarrhea

A

adenovirus

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12
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- enlarged cell with “owl eye” inclusions

A

CMV

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13
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- identified with pap smear

A

human papilloma virus

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14
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- milkmaid’s blisters

A

cowpox (vaccinia virus; part of poxvirus)

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15
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma

A

EBV

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16
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- gingivostomatitis

A

HSV-1

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17
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- hides in sensory ganglia of S2 and S3

A

HSV-2

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18
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- hides in trigeminal ganglia

A

HSV-1

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19
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- hides in dorsal root ganglia

A

VZV

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20
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- virus family of JC virus

A

polyomavirus

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21
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- Downey cells

A

EBV

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22
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- PML

A

JC virus (part of polyomavirus)

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23
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- oral hairy leukoplakia

A

EBV

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24
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- multinucleate giant cells on Tzanck test

A

HSV 1, 2, VZV

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25
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- only DNA virus that is not double stranded

A

parvovirus

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26
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- roseola

A

6th disease (HHV-6)

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27
Q

Which DNA virus is associated with each of the following?

- heterophile-negative mononucleosis

A

CMV

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28
Q

A 45 yo man with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis had exposure to which virus?

A

HPV

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29
Q

A 20 yo collage student presents with LAD, fever, and HSM. His serum agglutinates sheep red blood cells. What cell type is infection?

A

EBV virus –> infects B cells

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30
Q

What is the number one cause of fatal infantile gastroenteritis?

A

rotavirus

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31
Q

What virus is commonly associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis on cruise ships?

A

norovirus

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32
Q

Which RNA virus matches each of the following

- hand foot mouth disease

A

coxsackie

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33
Q

Which RNA virus matches each of the following

- “break bone” fever

A

dengue

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34
Q

Which RNA virus matches each of the following

- common cold (2)

A

rhinovirus, coronavirus

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35
Q

Which RNA virus matches each of the following

- fever, jaundice, black vomit

A

yellow fever

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36
Q

Which RNA virus matches each of the following

- meningitis in summer months

A

echovirus, coxsackie virus, other enteroviruses

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37
Q

Which RNA virus matches each of the following

- tourniquet test helps diagnose hemorrhagic disease

A

dengue

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38
Q

Which RNA virus matches each of the following

- infects motor neurons in the anterior horn (2)

A

polio

west nile virus

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39
Q

which antiviral matches each of the following statements?

- ppx for influenza A

A

zanamivir, oseltamivir

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40
Q

which antiviral matches each of the following statements?

- used in treatment for chronic hep C

A

ribavirin + IFN-alpha

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41
Q

which antiviral matches each of the following statements?

- first line for herpes simplex virus or VZV

A

-cyclovirs

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42
Q

which antiviral matches each of the following statements?

- inhibit viral DNA polymerase when phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase

A

-cyclovirs

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43
Q

Which RNA virus matches each of the following statements

- “barking seal” cough

A

parainfluenza virus (croup)

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44
Q

Which RNA virus matches each of the following statements

- childhood diarrhea in the winter months

A

rotavirus

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45
Q

Which RNA virus matches each of the following statements

- asthma-sounding infection in infants (esp. preemies)

A

RSV

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46
Q 
What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? 
- can cause conjunctivitis or diarrhea
A

adenovirus

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47
Q 
What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? 
- fever, jaundice, black vomit
A

yellow fever

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48
Q 
What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? 
- enlarged cell with "owl eye" inclusions
A

CMV

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49
Q 
What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? 
- "barking seal" cough
A

parainfluenza

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50
Q 
What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? 
- bronchiolitis with cough and wheezing in babies
A

RSV

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51
Q 
What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? 
- negri bodies
A

Rabies

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52
Q 
What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? 
- hides in trigeminal ganglia
A

HSV-1, VZV

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53
Q 
What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? 
- diarrhea in children during winter months
A

rotavirus

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54
Q 
What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? 
- downey cells
A

EBV

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55
Q 
What virus (RNA of DNA) fits the following statements? 
- aseptic meningitis
A

enteroviruses

Mumps

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56
Q

What ppx are used in HIV pts (and at what CD4)?

A

CD4

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57
Q

What organisms are known to cause infections in the mouth of AIDS patients? (4)

A
  • candida (oral thrush)
  • EBV (oral hairy leukoplakia)
  • HSV
  • CMV
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58
Q

What are the 3 structural genes that code for HIV proteins?

A
  • pol (reverse transcriptase, integrase)
  • env (gp 120, gp41)
  • gag (p24 capsid protein)
59
Q

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: ritonavir

A

PI

60
Q

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: didanosine

A

NRTI

61
Q

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: delavirdine

A

NNRTI

62
Q

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: zidovudine

A

NRTI

63
Q

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: abacavir

A

NRTI

64
Q

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: lamivudine

A

NRTI

65
Q

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: nelfinavir

A

protease inhib

66
Q

Categorize the following agent as protease inhibitor, NRTI, or NNRTI: efavirenz

A

NNRTI

67
Q

What are the 2 HIV envelope proteins and the drugs that interfere with them?

A
  • gp41 (enfuvirtide; inhibits viral entry)

- gp120 (maraviroc; prevents attachment to T-cells at CCR-5)

68
Q 
Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements? 
- side effect: lactic acidosis
A

NRTI

69
Q 
Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements?
- side effect: GI intolerance
A

Protease inhib

70
Q 
Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements?
- side effect: pancreatitis
A

didanosine (NRTI)

71
Q 
Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements?
- side effect: peripheral neuropathy
A

didanosine

72
Q 
Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements?
- side effect: megaloblastic anemia
A

zidovudine

73
Q 
Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements?
- side effect: rash
A

NNRTI

74
Q 
Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements?
- side effect: hyperglycemia, DM, lipid abnormalities
A

protease inhib

75
Q 
Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements?
- side effect: bone marrow suppression
A

zidovudine

76
Q 
Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements?
- given to pregnant women with HIV
A

zidovudine (but if she’s already on drugs, continue those)

77
Q 
Which antiretroviral or antiretroviral class matches the following statements?
- regimen for occupational HIV exposure
A

3 drug regimen

78
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following?

- causes diaper rash

A

candida

79
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following?

- opportunistic mold with septate hyphae that branch at 45 degree angle

A

aspergillus

80
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following?

- opportunistic mold with irregular nonseptate hyphae that branch at wide angles

A

mucor, rhizopus

81
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following?

- known for causing pneumonia in AIDS patients

A

PCP

82
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following?

- yeast known for causing meningitis in AIDS patients

A

cryptococcus

83
Q

What is the appearance of a KOH skin scraping in a patient with tinea versicolor?

A

“spaghetti & meatball” appearance

- caused by Malassezia

84
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following:

- found in southwestern US including West Texas and California

A

coccidioides

85
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following:

- found in Mississippi and Ohio River basins

A

histo

86
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following:

- causes San Joaquin Valley fever

A

coccidioides

87
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following:

- found in rural Latin America

A

paracoccidioides

88
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following:

- associated with plant thorns and cutaneous injury

A

sporothrix schenckii

89
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following:

- found in states east of the Mississippi river

A

blastomyces

90
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following:

- found in bird and bat droppings

A

histo

91
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following:

- mold form contains barrel-shaped arthroconidia

A

coccidioides

92
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following:

- associated with dust storms

A

coccidioides

93
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following:

- broad-based budding of yeast

A

blasto

94
Q

Which fungus matches each of the following:

- multiple budding of yeast form

A

paracoccidioides

95
Q

What infections are associated with birds? (5)

A

histoplasma, cryptococcus, chlamydophila psittaci, west nile virus, H5N1 influenza (avian flu)

96
Q

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements?

- interferes with microtubule function

A

griseofulvin

97
Q

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements?

- “swish and swallow” for oral candidiasis (thrush)

A

nystatin

98
Q

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements?

- cell wall synthesis inhibitor used in invasive aspergillosis

A

cASPofungin (echinocandins)

99
Q

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements?

- binds ergosterol –> membrane pores (2)

A

amphotericin B, nystatin

100
Q

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements?

- inhibits ergosterol synthesis (2)

A

azoles, terbinafine

101
Q

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements?

- most common treatment for onychomycosis

A

terbinafine

102
Q

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements?

- side effect: arrhythmias and nephrotoxicity

A

amphotericin B

103
Q

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements?

- deposits in keratin-containing tissues

A

griseofulvin

104
Q

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements?

- inhibits hormone synthesis and cytochrome p450

A

azoles (esp ketoconazole)

105
Q

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements?

- side effect: liver dysfunction (2)

A

azoles, griseofulvin

106
Q

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements?

- side effect: teratogenic

A

griseofulvin

107
Q

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements?

- used for cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS

A

IV amphotericin B + flucytosine

108
Q

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements?

- converted to 5-fluorouracil; inhibits DNA synthesis

A

flucytosine

109
Q

Which antifungal fits each of the following statements?

- drug of choice for sporotrichosis

A

itraconazole

110
Q

What antifungal can be used intrathecally for fungal meningitis?

A

amphotericin B

111
Q

What are the clinical use and side effects of griseofulvin?

A

use: superficial fungal infection; tinea capitis, onychomycosis
s/e: teratogenic, induce cyto p450, hepatotoxic

112
Q

What protozoan matches each of the following?

- cause of malaria

A

Plasmodium sp.

113
Q

What protozoan matches each of the following?

- most common protozoal infection in the US

A

trichomonas vaginalis

114
Q

What protozoan matches each of the following?

- cause of Chagas disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

115
Q

What protozoan matches each of the following?

- amoebic dysentery

A

entamoeba histolytica

116
Q

What protozoan matches each of the following?

- african sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense/gambiense

117
Q

What protozoan matches each of the following?

- diarrhea in campers and hikers

A

giardia

118
Q

What protozoan matches each of the following?

- transmitted in raw meat or infected cat feces

A

toxo

119
Q

What protozoan matches each of the following?

- transmitted by sandflies

A

Leishmania

120
Q

What protozoan matches each of the following?

- causes vaginitis

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

121
Q

A patient who visited Mexico presents with bloody diarrhea. What infectious form is found in the stool?

A

cysts of Entamoeba histolytica

122
Q

A 32 yo man went camping in northern Cali 3 wks ago, had a stint of diarrhea a couple of weeks after the trip, and now presents with symptoms of abdominal pain in the RUQ, fever, and abnormal liver function tests. What is the infectious organism?

A

Entamoeba histolytica –> causing liver abscess

123
Q

What are the names of the following stages in the malaria life cycle?
- looks like a diamond ring

A

early trophozoite

124
Q

What are the names of the following stages in the malaria life cycle?
- ruptures the cell host

A

merozoite

125
Q

What are the names of the following stages in the malaria life cycle?
- replicating intracellularly

A

schizont (within hepatocyte)

126
Q

What are the names of the following stages in the malaria life cycle?
- form injected from the Anopheles mosquito

A

sporozoite

127
Q

What are the names of the following stages in the malaria life cycle?
- banana-shaped

A

gametocyte

128
Q

A patient returning from a 2-wk vacation in West Africa presents with typical malaria presentation and recurrent fever. What is the mechanism responsible for this pts’ recurrent fever?

A

RBC hemolysis –> release of merozoites

129
Q

What helminth matches each of the following statements?

- snail host, “swimmer’s itch”

A

Schistosoma sp.

130
Q

What helminth matches each of the following statements?

- fluke associated with hematuria and bladder cancer

A

schistosoma haematobium

131
Q

What helminth matches each of the following statements?

- contracted by eating undercooked fish and causes inflammation of the biliary tract

A

Clonorchis (liver fluke)

132
Q

What helminth matches each of the following statements?

- soil –> enters through skin –> venous blood supply –> lungs –> coughed into pharynx –> intestines

A

SANd

- strongyloides, ancylostoma, Necator

133
Q

What helminth matches each of the following statements?

- responsible for lymphatic filariasis

A

Wuchereria bancrofti (Elephantiasis)

134
Q

What helminth matches each of the following statements?

- adult pt from Mexico with new onset seizures and brain calcifications

A

Taenia solium (ingestion of egg)

135
Q

What medication is used to treat each of the following parasitic infections?
Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas

A

Metronidazole

136
Q

What medication is used to treat each of the following parasitic infections?
- Plasmodium vivax or ovale

A

Chloroquine with primaquine

137
Q

What medication is used to treat each of the following parasitic infections?
- chloroquine-resistant malarias

A

mefloquine

138
Q

What medication is used to treat each of the following parasitic infections?
- most flukes (like Schistosoma and Clonorchis)

A

praziquantel

139
Q

What medication is used to treat each of the following parasitic infections?
- hookworm, pinworm, roundworm

A

bendazoles

140
Q

What medication is used to treat each of the following parasitic infections?
- chagas disease

A

Benznidazole or nifurtimox

141
Q

What medication is used to treat each of the following parasitic infections?
- Leishmaniasis

A

liposomal amphotericin B

142
Q

Which 2 agents are usually used in the treatment of pediculosis capitis and pediculosis pubis?

A

permethrin or pyrethrin

143
Q

Why is lindane not the preferred agent in the treatment of lice?

A

neurotoxic (and lice are now resistant to this drug anyways)

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