1. Foundations Flashcards
What is the relationship between the notochord, the neural plate, the neural tube, and the neural crest cells?
- notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to form the neural plate
- neural plate gives rise to neural tube and neural crest cells
What is the embryologic origin of anterior pituitary?
surface ecto
What is the embryologic origin of cornea?
neural crest
What is the embryologic origin of the lens?
surface ecto
What is the embryologic origin of the retina?
neuroectoderm
embryologic origin of olfactory epithelium?
surface ecto
embryologic origin of mammary glands, salivary glands, sweat glands?
surface ecto
Which abs are potentially teratogenic?
- aminoglycosides
- tetracyclines (discolored teeth)
- fluoroquinolones (cartilage)
Which drugs have such high potential for teratogenicity that they are classified as pregnancy category X?
- MTX
- Statins
- Warfarin
- Isotretinoin
- DES
- Thalidomide
Examination of a fetus from a spontaneous abortion at 14 weeks gestation reveals a vestigial pair of legs that arise from the torso, just below the arms. A mutation in what family of genes is the most likely cause of this malformation?
HOX genes (determine layout of the appendages)
What must be present on a protein in order for that protein to gain entry into the nucleus?
nuclear localization signals
What amino acids are rich in nuclear localization signal
PAL –> proline, arginine, lysine
Which cyclin-CDK complexes assist in the progression from G1 to S phase?
Cyclin D - CDK 4
Cyclin E - CDK 2
Which cyclin-CDK complexes assist in the progression from G2 to M phase?
Cyclin A - CDK 2
Cyclin B - CDK 1
Which molecule does the Golgi apparatus add to proteins in order to direct the proteins to lysosomes?
mannose-6-phosphate
What are the different methods that a cell uses to break down proteins?
- proteasomal degradation
- lysosomal degradation
- calcium-dependent enzymes
What drugs act on microtubules?
Cancer drugs:
- vincristine, vinblastine
- paclitaxel, docetaxel
- Benzimidazoles (anti-helminthic)
- Griseofulvin (anti-fungal)
- Colchicine
What intermediate filaments are found in the following tissue types and cellular structures?
a. connective tissue
b. muscle tissue
c. epithelial tissue
d. axons
a. vimentin
b. desmin
c. cytokeratin
d. neurofilaments
What are the defects seen in Kartagener syndrome?
- bronchiectasis
- chronic sinusitis
- situs inversus
(also infertility)
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Which arachidonic acid product causes increased bronchial tone?
thromboxane, leukotrienes
Which arachidonic acid product causes decreased bronchial tone?
PGI-2 (prostacyclin), prostaglandins
Which arachidonic acid product causes increased platelet aggregation?
thromboxane
Which arachidonic acid product causes decreased platelet aggregation?
PGI-2
Which arachidonic acid product causes increased uterine tone?
prostaglandins (PGE2, PGF-2a)
Which arachidonic acid product causes decreased uterine tone?
PGI-2 (prostacyclins)
Which arachidonic acid product causes increased vascular tone?
thromboxane
Which arachidonic acid product causes decreased vascular tone?
PGI-2, prostaglandins
What are the 2 most abundant substances in the plasma membrane?
proteins, phospholipids
What drugs inhibit leukotriene production? (3)
What enzymes/receptor do they affect
Zileuton (blocks lipoxygenase)
Montelukast, zafirlukast (blocks leukotriene receptors)
What drug class (1) act on the pathway from membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid?
what enzyme does it effect
corticosteroids
blocks phospholipase A2
What histologic features are seen in apoptotic liver cells? (5)
- cellular shrinking
- pyknosis (condensation of nuclear chromatin)
- karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation)
- membrane blebbing
- apoptotic bodies
What substances do cytotoxic T cells and NK cells use to induce apoptosis in the cells infected with a virus? (2)
perforin + granzyme B
What highly damaging events can cause IRREVERSIBLE cell injury?
- large calcium influx
- damage to the plasma membrane
- rupture of the lysosome
- mitochondria permeability
- pyknosis, karyolysis, or karyorrhexis (damage to the nucleus)
What cellular enzymes are responsible for handling oxygen free radicals? (3)
- catalase (degrades H2O2 –> O2 and water)
- superoxide dismutase (converts O2 radicals –> H2O2)
- glutathione peroxidase (catalyzes free radical breakdown)
Describe the process of leukocyte extravasation (4)
- Rolling (selectins)
- Tight binding (integrins)
- Diapedesis (PECAM-1)
- Migration (mediated by chemotaxtic factors IL8, C5a, LTB4, kallikrein)
What cytokine is particularly important in the formation of GRANULOMAS?
TNF-alpha
What cell type plays a role in inflammation by generating fibrinogen and CRP?
liver (hepatocytes)
What cell is most responsible for the acute phase of inflammation?
neutrophils
What findings are associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?
Classic (type 5 collagen)
- hyper-extensible skin
- joint hyper-mobility
Vascular (type 3 collagen)
- easy bleeding, bruising
- arterial rupture
- intracranial aneurysms
Which amino acids are found in large concentrations in collagen? In elastin?
collagen: glycine, proline, hydroxyproline
elastin: glycine, proline
What is the role of vitamin C in collagen production?
hydroxylation of lysine and proline
Does the compensatory growth of muscle fibers occur primarily as a result of hyperplasia or hypertrophy?
Hypertrophy
Does myometrial growth in pregnancy occur primarily as a result of hyperplasia or hypertrophy?
Hypertrophy
What can happen to the cells of the lower esophagus in response to chronic acid reflux?
Barrett’s (metaplasia)
squamous –> columnar
What is actually occurring at the cellular level during atrophy?
- decrease organelles
- decreased protein synthesis
- increased protein degradation
- autophagy
- lysosomal degradation of cellular components
What is a lipofuscin granule?
residual body that contains yellow-brown pigment from incomplete free radical-induced lipid oxidation
