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Step 1 DIT > 1. Foundations > Flashcards

1. Foundations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the relationship between the notochord, the neural plate, the neural tube, and the neural crest cells?

A
  • notochord (mesoderm) induces ectoderm to form the neural plate
  • neural plate gives rise to neural tube and neural crest cells
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2
Q

What is the embryologic origin of anterior pituitary?

A

surface ecto

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3
Q

What is the embryologic origin of cornea?

A

neural crest

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4
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the lens?

A

surface ecto

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5
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the retina?

A

neuroectoderm

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6
Q

embryologic origin of olfactory epithelium?

A

surface ecto

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7
Q

embryologic origin of mammary glands, salivary glands, sweat glands?

A

surface ecto

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8
Q

Which abs are potentially teratogenic?

A
  • aminoglycosides
  • tetracyclines (discolored teeth)
  • fluoroquinolones (cartilage)
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9
Q

Which drugs have such high potential for teratogenicity that they are classified as pregnancy category X?

A
  1. MTX
  2. Statins
  3. Warfarin
  4. Isotretinoin
  5. DES
  6. Thalidomide
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10
Q

Examination of a fetus from a spontaneous abortion at 14 weeks gestation reveals a vestigial pair of legs that arise from the torso, just below the arms. A mutation in what family of genes is the most likely cause of this malformation?

A

HOX genes (determine layout of the appendages)

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11
Q

What must be present on a protein in order for that protein to gain entry into the nucleus?

A

nuclear localization signals

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12
Q

What amino acids are rich in nuclear localization signal

A

PAL –> proline, arginine, lysine

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13
Q

Which cyclin-CDK complexes assist in the progression from G1 to S phase?

A

Cyclin D - CDK 4

Cyclin E - CDK 2

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14
Q

Which cyclin-CDK complexes assist in the progression from G2 to M phase?

A

Cyclin A - CDK 2

Cyclin B - CDK 1

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15
Q

Which molecule does the Golgi apparatus add to proteins in order to direct the proteins to lysosomes?

A

mannose-6-phosphate

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16
Q

What are the different methods that a cell uses to break down proteins?

A
  1. proteasomal degradation
  2. lysosomal degradation
  3. calcium-dependent enzymes
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17
Q

What drugs act on microtubules?

A

Cancer drugs:

  • vincristine, vinblastine
  • paclitaxel, docetaxel
  • Benzimidazoles (anti-helminthic)
  • Griseofulvin (anti-fungal)
  • Colchicine
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18
Q

What intermediate filaments are found in the following tissue types and cellular structures?

a. connective tissue
b. muscle tissue
c. epithelial tissue
d. axons

A

a. vimentin
b. desmin
c. cytokeratin
d. neurofilaments

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19
Q

What are the defects seen in Kartagener syndrome?

A
  • bronchiectasis
  • chronic sinusitis
  • situs inversus
    (also infertility)

Primary ciliary dyskinesia

20
Q

Which arachidonic acid product causes increased bronchial tone?

A

thromboxane, leukotrienes

21
Q

Which arachidonic acid product causes decreased bronchial tone?

A

PGI-2 (prostacyclin), prostaglandins

22
Q

Which arachidonic acid product causes increased platelet aggregation?

A

thromboxane

23
Q

Which arachidonic acid product causes decreased platelet aggregation?

A

PGI-2

24
Q

Which arachidonic acid product causes increased uterine tone?

A

prostaglandins (PGE2, PGF-2a)

25
Q

Which arachidonic acid product causes decreased uterine tone?

A

PGI-2 (prostacyclins)

26
Q

Which arachidonic acid product causes increased vascular tone?

A

thromboxane

27
Q

Which arachidonic acid product causes decreased vascular tone?

A

PGI-2, prostaglandins

28
Q

What are the 2 most abundant substances in the plasma membrane?

A

proteins, phospholipids

29
Q

What drugs inhibit leukotriene production? (3)

What enzymes/receptor do they affect

A

Zileuton (blocks lipoxygenase)

Montelukast, zafirlukast (blocks leukotriene receptors)

30
Q

What drug class (1) act on the pathway from membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid?

what enzyme does it effect

A

corticosteroids

blocks phospholipase A2

31
Q

What histologic features are seen in apoptotic liver cells? (5)

A
  1. cellular shrinking
  2. pyknosis (condensation of nuclear chromatin)
  3. karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation)
  4. membrane blebbing
  5. apoptotic bodies
32
Q

What substances do cytotoxic T cells and NK cells use to induce apoptosis in the cells infected with a virus? (2)

A

perforin + granzyme B

33
Q

What highly damaging events can cause IRREVERSIBLE cell injury?

A
  • large calcium influx
  • damage to the plasma membrane
  • rupture of the lysosome
  • mitochondria permeability
  • pyknosis, karyolysis, or karyorrhexis (damage to the nucleus)
34
Q

What cellular enzymes are responsible for handling oxygen free radicals? (3)

A
  1. catalase (degrades H2O2 –> O2 and water)
  2. superoxide dismutase (converts O2 radicals –> H2O2)
  3. glutathione peroxidase (catalyzes free radical breakdown)
35
Q

Describe the process of leukocyte extravasation (4)

A
  1. Rolling (selectins)
  2. Tight binding (integrins)
  3. Diapedesis (PECAM-1)
  4. Migration (mediated by chemotaxtic factors IL8, C5a, LTB4, kallikrein)
36
Q

What cytokine is particularly important in the formation of GRANULOMAS?

A

TNF-alpha

37
Q

What cell type plays a role in inflammation by generating fibrinogen and CRP?

A

liver (hepatocytes)

38
Q

What cell is most responsible for the acute phase of inflammation?

A

neutrophils

39
Q

What findings are associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

A

Classic (type 5 collagen)

  • hyper-extensible skin
  • joint hyper-mobility

Vascular (type 3 collagen)

  • easy bleeding, bruising
  • arterial rupture
  • intracranial aneurysms
40
Q

Which amino acids are found in large concentrations in collagen? In elastin?

A

collagen: glycine, proline, hydroxyproline
elastin: glycine, proline

41
Q

What is the role of vitamin C in collagen production?

A

hydroxylation of lysine and proline

42
Q

Does the compensatory growth of muscle fibers occur primarily as a result of hyperplasia or hypertrophy?

A

Hypertrophy

43
Q

Does myometrial growth in pregnancy occur primarily as a result of hyperplasia or hypertrophy?

A

Hypertrophy

44
Q

What can happen to the cells of the lower esophagus in response to chronic acid reflux?

A

Barrett’s (metaplasia)

squamous –> columnar

45
Q

What is actually occurring at the cellular level during atrophy?

A
  • decrease organelles
  • decreased protein synthesis
  • increased protein degradation
  • autophagy
  • lysosomal degradation of cellular components
46
Q

What is a lipofuscin granule?

A

residual body that contains yellow-brown pigment from incomplete free radical-induced lipid oxidation

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