"Microbiology/Immunology Vaccines" SANA

Question 1

What is an adjuvant?

Answer 1

A compound that increases the immunogenicity of an antigen

Question 2

Match the following:

1. Passive immunization
2. Active immunization
3. Live-attenuated

a. weakened virus that can have limited replication
b. gives immediate resistance to an infection
c. inducing immune response to pathogens via antigen immunization

Answer 2

1-b
2-c
3-a

Question 3

What is the phenomena where enough individuals immunized allows for the slowing or halting of an infection?

Answer 3

Herd immunity

Question 4

Why are some vaccinations for infants delayed?

Answer 4

Some vaccinations require the infant to catch an infection. Thus if the infant is too young, the mother’s antibodies will prevent the baby from getting the infection and developing immunity.

Question 5

What is a similar trend that followed once diphtheria, polio and measles vaccines were introduced?

Answer 5

These diseases all reduced drastically in prevalence.

Question 6

What is the difference between DPT, DTaP and Tdap?

Answer 6

These are all diphtheria pertussis tetanus vaccines. However, DTP is the older vaccine using whole, killed pertussis. DTaP uses the acellular components, while Tdap is a reduced concentration used in adolescents and adults.

Question 7

Why was the DPT discontinued?

Answer 7

It was using the whole killed pertussis, which induced a very strong immune response that often lead to fever (some being severe).

Question 8

does DTaP contain a toxin or a toxoid?

Answer 8

Toxoid: killed pertussis components.

Question 9

What does DTaP use as an adjuvant?

Answer 9

Aluminum salts

Question 10

What is the disease death rate in diphtheria and tetanus?

Answer 10

1/20 dead

Question 11

Is the oral polio vaccine a live attenuated strain or an inactivated polio strain?

Answer 11

Live-attenuated

Question 12

Which of the following correctly describes the MMR vaccine?

a. live-attenuated
b. Killed, components

Answer 12

a

Question 13

What is the MMR vaccine not given to infants earlier than 12-15 months of age?

Answer 13

Because infants then carry maternal antibodies that keep the vaccine virus from growing

Question 14

What is a major concern for pregnant women who have rubella?

Answer 14

Birth defects in their babies

Question 15

Why is recommended that women planning on becoming pregnant are tested for the rubella antibody titer?

Answer 15

To make sure that the women are vaccinated against rubella, which can cause birth defects if the mother is infected during pregnancy.

Question 16

Name 5 issues with the Andrew Wakefield paper in the Lancet that claimed that MMR vaccines cause autism

Answer 16

1. Three of the nine children did not have autism and only one had regressive autism.
2. 5 of the children have preexisting developmental issues
3. Some children actually showed behavioral problems months after vaccination instead of days
4. Unremarkable colonic histopathology results were changed to read ‘non-specific colitis’
5. Wakefield was recruited by the law firm representing parents in a suit against the pharmaceutical company making the vaccine.

Question 17

Is thimersol still used in vaccines today?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

What is the death rate among those infected with measles?

Answer 18

1/3000

Question 19

What are some other diseases that arise with measles?

Answer 19

Otitis media, pneumonia, severe CNS

Question 20

What do the vaccines cervarix and gardasil protect against? and who do they protect?

Answer 20

Protection against HPV (Cervarix: types 16/18; Gardasil: types 6/11/16/18) for both males and females

Question 21

The HPV vaccination is recommended starting at what age?

Answer 21

age 11 or 12 for girls.

Question 22

How is rabies transmitted to humans?

Answer 22

Bite from infected animal

Question 23

In the United States, which animals are we most likely to get rabies from?

Answer 23

Bats and raccoons as domestic animals are mostly vaccinated.

Question 24

For post-exposure to rabies in non-immunized individuals, how many vaccinations are given?

Answer 24

four: one on each days 0, 3, 7, and 14

Question 25

For post-exposure to rabies in immunized individuals, how many vaccinations are given?

Answer 25

Two: one on each days 0 and 3

Question 26

What are the three rabies post-exposure prophylaxis?

Answer 26

RIG: Rabies Immune Globulin
HDCV: human diploid cell rabies vaccine
PCECV: purified chick embryo cell vaccine