"Gross Anatomy Lungs Susan Stearns" SANA Flashcards

1
Q

The thin serous membrane covering the boundaries of the thoracic cavity is called the _____________

A

Parietal pleura

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2
Q

The thin membrane covering the boundaries of the lungs is called the ___________

A

Visceral pleura

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3
Q

How does the pleural cavity help in maintaining lung inflation?

A

The pleural cavity contains the pleural fluid, which allows there to be surface tension between the lung surface and thoracic wall, thus sustaining inflation.

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4
Q

Which structure marks the lower margins of the pleural cavity?

A

The costodiaphragmatic recess

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5
Q

How far below the inferior margin of the lungs does the costodiaphragmatic recess extend?

A

2 ribs below the inferior borders of the lungs

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6
Q

Name the four parts of the parietal pleura

A

Mediastinal pleura, costal pleura, diaphragmatic pleura and cervical pleura

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7
Q

A patient stabbed in the side of his right chest comes into your ER. Upon imaging of the chest, you notice that the patient’s left lung is being compressed. Why is this happening?

A

The patient’s costodiaphragmatic recess has been punctured and the wound has probably reached the lung. Patient’s right lung has thus collapsed, so that when she inhaled, air enters her pleural cavity, and when she exhales, air is trapped in the cavity, causing the mediastinum to shift in the opposite side.

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8
Q

Midclavicularly, the inferior border of the lung is at the ___ rib, while posteriorly, the inferior border of the lung is at the ____ rib

A

6th; 10th

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9
Q

Midclavicularly, the inferior border of the pleura is at the ___ rib, while posteriorly, the inferior border of the pleura is at the ____ rib

A

8th, 12th

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10
Q

What is a serious consequence of tension pneumothorax causing compression of the heart?

a. decreased venous return
b. increased cardiac output
c. decreased right atrial pressure
d. increased risk of pleural effusion

A

a: decreased venous return

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11
Q

Where does most of the diaphragmatic pleura receive most of its sensory fibers from?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

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12
Q

A patient comes in to your office complaining of a sharp localized pain over his shoulders. This is likely caused by an inflammation of _____ called ______

A

Parietal (specificall, diaphragmatic) pleura; pleurisy

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13
Q

The parietal pleura is mostly innervated by ______

A

Intercostal nerves

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14
Q

Why is inflammation of the diaphragmatic pleura usually manifested in localized pain over the shoulders?

A

The phrenic nerves supplies the diaphragmatic pleura and has cervical origins

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15
Q

A patient in the ICU has aspirated on some food. In which principal bronchi has the food probably lodged itself? Why?

A

Probably in the right principal bronchi as it is shorter, wider and more vertical than the left.

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16
Q

What is a major way to identify a respiratory bronchiole?

A

Respiratory bronchioles have alveoli branching off

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17
Q

All of the following are parts of the respiratory portion of the bronchial tree, except:

a. alveoli
b. Tertiary bronchi
c. respiratory bronchioles
d. type I alveolar epithelial cells

A

b: tertiary bronchi are part of the conducting portion.

The conduction portion consists of the trachea and the bronchi.

18
Q

What is the most distal structure in the conducting portion of the bronchial tree?

A

The terminal bronchiole

19
Q

The bifurcation of the trachea (at the carina) occurs at the levels of the:

a. 2nd rib
b. clavicle
c. sternal angle
d. manubrium

A

c: sternal angle

20
Q

What is the difference between Type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells?

A

type I cells function in gas exchange while type II cells produce surfactant

21
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments are served by ______ bronchi

A

tertiary

22
Q

A tumor localized to the left superior bronchopulmonary segment has been detected in your patient. If you elect to excise this tumor, what effect could this theoretically have on the other bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Minimum effect because bronchopulmonary segments are functionally independent units.

23
Q

A disease process that has infected a few alveolus in an alveolar sac is present in your patient. However, the patient’s alveoli are carrying on gas exchange as normal. How?

A

Collateral air flow has been established with the help of the pore of Kohn in neighboring, unaffected alveolus, thus allowing normal flow.

24
Q

Describe the pathway of the pulmonary arteries as they make their way to the alveoli with deoxygenated blood.

A

They flow the branching bronchial tree.

25
Q

How are the pulmonary veins formed?

A

oxygenated pulmonary capillaries from the alveoli unite to form intersegmental pulmonary veins, running in between bronchopulmonary segments, and coming together to form the pulmonary veins.

26
Q

At what structure do the intersegmental pulmonary veins join to form the right and left pulmonary veins?

A

The hilum of the lungs.

27
Q

What is the main difference in the pathway followed by the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins?

A

The pulmonary arteries follow the branching bronchial tree while the intersegmental pulmonary veins organize in between the bronchopulmonary segment.

28
Q

What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

A

To pick up interstitial fluid leaked from the capillaries and other vessels.

29
Q

Arrange the following lymph nodes of the deep plexi from the most deep to the most superficial:
paratracheal nodes, pulmonary nodes, tracheobronchial nodes, bronchomediastinal lymph trunnks.

A

Pulmonary nodes –> tracheobronchial nodes –> paratracheal nodes –> bronchomediastinal lumph trunks.

30
Q

The pulmonary nodes are the first stop in the deep plexi drainage route and they are located at which level of bronchi?

A

Tertiary bronchi

31
Q

The superficial lymphatics drains into which nodes?

A

Bronchopulmonary/hilar nodes

32
Q

Your patient comes in which changed quality of voice and hoarseness. You determine that her bronchopulmonary nodes are enlarged on the left side. Why does she have hoarseness?

A

The enlarged nodes are compressing the left laryngeal nerve, causing the hoarseness.This is indicative of lung disease.

33
Q

A pancoast tumor can impinge on the sympathetic trunk. What symptoms can result from this?

A

Horner’s syndrome: myosis, ptosis, anhydrosis

Can also result in paresthesia and difficult limb movement

34
Q

Your patient complains of a sensation of fullness of head and neck, persistent headache, edema and dyspnea. When you ask him to raise his hand up above his head, , the veins in his arms do not empty. What disease is this likely?

A

Superior vena cava syndrome

35
Q

What are the components of the pulmonary plexus?

A

Parasympathetic fibers, sympathetic fibers, vagal affarent fibers and some ‘pain’ affarent fibers from the intercostal and phrenic nerves.

36
Q

Parasympathetics within the pulmonary plexus control the smooth musculature of the ______

A

airways (bronchoconstrict)

37
Q

Sympathetics within the pulmonary plexus control the smooth musculature of the ______

A

blood vessels (vasomotor)

38
Q

Match the following words:

  1. Pulmonary arteries
  2. Pulmonary veins
  3. Hilum

a. site where root of lung is located (T5-T7)
b. Pressoreceptors
c. chemoreceptors

A

1-b
2-c
3-a

39
Q

A chronic smoker, with severe dyspnea comes into the emergency room. X-ray shows severely enlarged airwyas, and diminished lung functions tests. What is this likely?

A

Emphysema cauasing damage to lung elastic fibers.

40
Q

Match the following words:

  1. Anatomic lung base
  2. clinical lung base
  3. oblique fissure
  4. Horizontal fissure

a. divide the superior and middle lobes of right lung
b. diaphragmatic surface
c. divide superior and inferior lobes of both lungs
d. lowest point of inferior lobe

A

1-b
2-d
3-c
4-a