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NBDE part 1 > Microbiology/Immunology > Flashcards

Microbiology/Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

almost all bacteria except … and … have strong cell walls

A

mycoplasma

archaeobacteria

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2
Q

which have a peptidoglycan layer? prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes

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3
Q

… has an innate resistance to penicillin

A

mycoplasma

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4
Q

gram positive bacteria has a … layer made of …

A

thick peptidoglycan

teichoic acid

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5
Q

gram negative bacteria has a …. layer and a … layer that contains …

A

thin peptidoglycan
thick outer
porins/LPS/endotoxin

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6
Q

gram positive stains ….

gram negative stains ….

A

purple

red

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7
Q

antibiotics are most effective at what stage in the bacterial life cycle?

A

log

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8
Q

most bacteria undergo …. which is a form of asexual reproduction that occurs in these 3 stages:

A

binary fission

Initiation - elongation
C period- chromosome replicates
D (division)

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9
Q

… is effective at killing spores

A

ethylene oxide

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10
Q

gram positive rods can form … with no metabolic activity if nutrients are limited

A

endospores

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11
Q

clostridium botulinum and bacillus anthracis are both … forming bacteria

A

spore

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12
Q

staph aureus is a gram …. and is it positive or negative for catalase and coagulase?

A

positive cocci

++

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13
Q

staph epidermidis is a gram …. and is it positive or negative for catalase and coagulase?

A

positive cocci

catalase +
coagulase -

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14
Q

all strep are catalase …

A

negative

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15
Q

streptococcus comprise a large proportion of the

A

oral microflora

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16
Q

streptococci are classified by

A

hemolysis

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17
Q

… has been isolated from cases of infective endocarditis

A

streptococcus mutans

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18
Q

streptococcus is gram

A

positive

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19
Q

streptococcus mutans can change or mutate … surface

A

enamel

(dextran) major contributor to plaque

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20
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae can cause…

A

meningitis

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21
Q

streptococcus pneumoniae is gram … and catalase…

A

positive

negative

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22
Q

…. are gram positive rods that are highly acidic and acid tolerant and associated with advanced caries lesions and carious dentin

A

lactobacillus

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23
Q

how can you tell the diff between staph and strep in culture tests?

A

catalase test (staph are + and strep are -)

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24
Q

how can you tell staph species apart?

A

coagulase test (aureus is + and rest are -)

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25
bacillus anthracis is gram ... and forms ... and causes ... in humans
positive spores anthrax
26
clostridium are gram ... and they form ... they are motile except for ... which causes gas gangrene
positive spores C. perfingens
27
... is a gram positive rod that is not motile and does not form spores
corynebacterium diptheriae
28
.... is a gram negative rod which produces blue/green pigment and is common in burn victims and immunocompromised patients
pseudomonas aeruginosa
29
... is a gram negative bacteria that is implicated in an aggressive form of periodontitis in adolescents. has been reclassified as ....
actinobacillus actinomycetecomitans | aggregatibacter actinomycetecomitans
30
which bacteria are associated with chocolate agar?
Haemophilus Influenzae | Neisseria Gonorrhea
31
which bacteria is a common cause of infection in children?
Haemophilus influenzae
32
Haemophilus is a gram ... rod that can cause meningitis
negative
33
... is isolated mainly from subgingival sites, especially in advanced perio lesions in diabetics
Porphyromonas gingivalis
34
.... is associated with hormone-induced periodontal disease in pregnancy
Prevotella intermedia
35
... is a gram negative diplococci that can be passed on to infants as they descend thru the birth canal
neisseria gonorrhea
36
what gram positive bacteria causes meningitis? what gram negative bacteria causes meningitis?
streptococcus pneumoniae neisseria meningitidis
37
bacteria that causes whooping cough?
bordatella pertussis (gram negative cocci)
38
is E. coli encapsulated?
no
39
3 bacteria that can cause pneumonia
streptococcus klebsiella mycoplasa
40
... is an anaerobic rod that causes oral/facial abscesses with sulfur granules
actinomycetes
41
acid-fast means they contain what in their cell wall?
waxes and lipids
42
TB causes ... necrosis and ... inflammation
caseous | granulomatous
43
... are spiral-shaped bacteria with axial filaments
spirochetes
44
... causes syphilis
treponema pallidum
45
which stage of syphilis is very contagious
2nd
46
condyloma lata appears in ... syphilis
secondary
47
is tertiary syphilis contagious?
no
48
Tabes dorsalis (syphilitic myelopathy) is seen in .... syphilis
tertiary
49
hutchinsons incisors and mulbery molars are assoc. with ...
congenital syphilis
50
leading cause of opthalmia neonatorum?
chlamydia trachomatis
51
2 obligate intracellular parasites
chlamydia trachomatis | rickettsia
52
... causes Rocky mountain Spotted fever through tick bites
rickettsia
53
mycoplasma does NOT have a
cell wall
54
mycoplasma is resistant to ... and ... because they affect cell walls and this bacteria does not have a cell wall
penicillins cephalosporins
55
does sterilization get rid of spores?
yes
56
autoclave is what temp? and how long?
``` 121 C (250 F) 15 minutes ```
57
dry heat is what temp? and how long?
``` 160 C (320 F) 2 hours ```
58
phenol is an example of a ... technique and it causes protein denaturation
disinfection
59
does disinfection get rid of spores
not always
60
DNA viruses replicate in the nucleus EXCEPT for
poxvirus
61
RNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm EXCEPT for
HIV (retroviruses) | influenza virus
62
adenovirus is a non-enveloped, .... virus that causes .... and ...
double stranded DNA pneumonia viral pharyngitis
63
is herpes a DNA or RNA virus
double stranded DNA
64
... causes chickenpox and shingles
varicella zoster virus
65
... causes mono and oral hairy leukoplakia
Epstein-Barr virus
66
... is the leading cause of blindness in AIDS
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
67
... causes molluscum contagiosum
Poxvirus
68
... is an RNA virus that causes hand foot and mouth disease
coxsackie
69
Mad cow disease is a ... disease that causes progressive brain degeneration and death
prion
70
whats the main fuel source for fungi
glycogen
71
what culture media is used to grow fungi
sabourauds agar
72
yeast is ... and mold is ...
unicellular mulicellular
73
yeast can reproduce ... and form spores
asexually and sexually
74
candida albicans is the largest proportion of fungal microflora in the mouth and can cause ... in immunocompromised patients
oral thrush
75
mucor causes fungal infection in ...
diabetics
76
... is heart shaped with flagella and two nuclei with large karyosomes
giardia
77
.... can be from uncooked meat or cat litter
toxoplasmosis gondii
78
toxoplasmosis gondii can be acquired or congenital, congenital can lead to
mental retardation
79
cephalosporins and penicillins attack
transpeptidase (holds cell wall together)
80
bacitracin attacks
peptidoglycan/mucopeptides (cell wall)
81
doxycycline is prescribed for
chlamydia
82
tetracycline is contraindicated in
children and pregnancy
83
safest drugs for pregnancy
macrolides | erythromycin, azithromycin
84
... is the first step of the inflammatory pathway and converts phosphatidol inositol (membrane phospholipid) to arachiodonic acid
Phospholipase A2
85
what inhibits PLA2?
steroids | plaquenil
86
arachiodonic acid can either produce ... or ....
leukotrienes prostaglandins / thromboxanes
87
.... synthesizes prostaglandins and thromboxanes that induce platelet aggregation
Cyclooxygenase 1
88
COX 1 protects
the stomach
89
NSAIDs are ... inhibitors
COX 1 and COX2
90
aspirin is a .... cox1 and cox2 inhibitor
irreversible
91
.... is an NSAID that selectively blocks cox2 so it helps to protect the gastric mucosa and limits bleeding effects
celecoxib
92
``` which is most antigenic? proteins nucleic acids triglycerides phospholipids ```
proteins
93
``` which is not phagocytic? neutrophils basophils eosinophils kuppfer cells ```
basophils
94
the Fab region contains ... and ... chains and is where the antigen/antibody complex binds
light | heavy
95
The Fc region is ... and only has .... chains and where complement proteins bind
constant | heavy
96
all of the following are part of nonspecific immunity except interferons natural killer cells complement pathway killer T cells
killer T cells
97
what distinguishes a viral infection from other microbial insults
interferon production
98
what does complement pathway do?
chemotaxis- C5A opsonization permeability degranulation
99
what are the 2 pathways of complement and which antibodies are involved with each
classic - IgG IgM | alternative- IgA
100
helper T cell (CD4) when activated releases .... which initiates B cell to make antibodies and it also activates ... and ...
IL-2 T memory T killer cells
101
which cell is involved in tissue transplant rejection?
T killer (CD8)
102
T helper is CD.. and matches with MHC
4 2
103
T killer is CD... and matches with MHC
8 1
104
what type of immunity is tetanus antitoxin
artificial passive
105
what type of immunity is tetanus toxoid
artificial active
106
hapten, think ...
``` type 4 hypersensitivity T lymphocyte (killer) ```
107
natural killer cells do not require
an APC

NBDE part 1 (9 decks)

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