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NBDE part 1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the following happen?
transcripton
replication
translation

A

nucleus
nucleus
cytoplasm

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2
Q

…. and …. cells can be multinuclear and are peripheral in location

A

osteoclasts

skeletal muscle

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3
Q

… are the only cells in the body that are anuclear

A

RBCs

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4
Q

… , … and … are binuclear

A

hepatocytes, cardiac muscle and epithelial cells of urinary tract

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5
Q

transcription is … to …

A

DNA

mRNA

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6
Q

translation is … to …

A

mRNA

protein

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7
Q

Drugs that can bind to ribosomes and stop protein synthesis:

Buy AT 30
CEL at 50

A

aminoglycoside tetracycline

chloramphenicol
erythromyosin
lincomyocin

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8
Q

what is the sequence for proteins exported out of the cell?

A

ribosomes bound to rough ER, golgi, lysosome

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9
Q

are ribosomes bound or free floating?

A

both. free floating are for the cell and bound are going to be exported

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10
Q

what does the smooth ER do in the adrenal cortex

A

steroid production

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11
Q

what does the smooth ER do in the liver

A

detoxify lipid soluble drugs

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12
Q

what does smooth ER do in muscle cells

A

sER here is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum. it sequesters and controls release of calcium

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13
Q

does the mitochondria have a lipid bilayer

A

yes x2 (double lipid bilayer)

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14
Q

mitochondrial DNA is transmitted through …

A

maternal inheritance

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15
Q

what is the core of microvilli?

A

microfilaments

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16
Q

microtubules are for…

A

motility

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17
Q

…. are channels that allow rapid communication, play important role in cardiac and nervous cells

A

gap junctions

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18
Q

…. are at the surface and they do not allow particles to go between cells which forces them to go through the cell

A

tight junctions (zonula occludens)

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19
Q

hemidesmosomes always connect to the ….

does it provide support between cells?

A

basement membrane

no

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20
Q

… provide structural support between cells and it is accomplished by tonofilaments and a mucoprotein substance

A

adherens junctions

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21
Q

adherens junctions are made up of …. and ….

A

zonula adherens

macular adherens (desomosome)

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22
Q

are the epithelium and basement membrane avascular or vascular?

A

avascular

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23
Q

functions of the 3 simple epithelium cell types

A

Secretion (cuboidal)
Absorption (columnar)
Diffusion (squamous)

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24
Q

…. is the type of epithelium found in the respiratory tract

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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25
Q

…. epithelium is present in the bladder

A

transitional

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26
Q

3 mechanisms of secretion of exocrine glands

which one is the only one that does exocytosis’?

A
  1. holocrine- whole cell
  2. apacrine- a piece of cell
  3. merocrine- most common- exocytosis
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27
Q

T3 and T4 are produced by the … cells

A

follicular (cuboidal) in the thyroid

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28
Q

Parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland produce ?

A

calcitonin

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29
Q

calcitonin fxn?

A

decrease serum calcium

inhibits osteoclast activity

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30
Q

what is the largest region of the anterior pituitary?

A

pars distalis

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31
Q

the anterior pituitary is formed from tissue in the …. pinching off and fusing with the hypothalamus

A

roof of the mouth (rathkes pouch)

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32
Q

which hormones of the anterior pituitary are produced by basophils

A 
Base+ FLAT
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
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33
Q

which hormones of the anterior pituitary are produced by acidophils

A

PIG
Prolactin
GH

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34
Q

where are ADH and oxytocin produced?

A

hypothalamus

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35
Q

the posterior pituitary originated from the floor of the …. and remains …

A

diencephalon

attached to the hypothalamus

36
Q

the posterior pituitary DOES NOT…. but it is responsible for …

A

produce hormones

storage and release

37
Q

mesenchyme -

mesoderm-

A

blood vessels/bone

muscles

38
Q

fibroblasts are a signature cell of …. and they are inhibited by…

A

connective tissue

steroids

39
Q

active fibroblasts are characterized by an abundance of …

A

RER

40
Q

when a monocyte in the blood goes to connective tissue, it is now a

A

macrophage

41
Q

macrophages of the brain?

macrophages of the liver?

A

microglia

kupffer

42
Q

what disease damages pericytes?

A

diabetes

43
Q

pericyte fxn?

A

stabilizing role in maintaining blood flow through capillary walls

44
Q

what is the predominant fiber in CT and the most abundant protein in the body?

A

collagen

45
Q

collagen = ….

A

glycine+ x + y

x is usually proline
y is usually lysine

46
Q

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are long, …. charged polysaccharides that contain a core of ….

A

disaccharide repeating units

47
Q

hyaluronic acid is a …. but NOT a ….

A

glycosaminoglycan

proteoglycan

48
Q

hyaluronic acid is a unique GAG because it does not contain …. and it is not found bound to a

A

sulfate

protein

49
Q

complement proteins and albumin are made by the

A

liver

50
Q

poor…. can lead to decreased serum albumin

A

nutrition

51
Q

lifespan of a RBC and where is it recycled?

A

120 days

spleen

52
Q

which WBCs are granulocytes

A

BEN
basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils

53
Q

most common to least common WBCs

A 
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
54
Q

basophils increase …. and they are NOT ….

A

vascular permeability

phagocytic

55
Q

are eosinophils and neutrophils phagocytic?

A

yes

56
Q

platelets produce

A

thromboplastin

57
Q

… cartilage is the most common cartilage in the embryo and adults

A

hyalin

58
Q

the primary collagen type in cartilage is type

A

2

59
Q

primary GAG in cartilage

A

chondroitin sulfate

60
Q

hyaline cartilage differs from bone because it can undergo … growth

A

interstitial

61
Q

where are APs generated

A

axon hillock

62
Q

propagation of an AP is usually unidirectional and follows this sequence

A

dendrite, cell body, axon

63
Q

… produce myelin in the CNS and their processes extend to wrap around…

A

oligodendrocytes

multiple axons

64
Q

…. produce myelin in the PNS and these cells can only provide myelin for…

A

schwann cells

one axon

65
Q

schwann cells are encased in a glycoprotein basement membrane called the …. which allows for nerve regeneration

A

neurilemma

66
Q

… is the most dominant layer in arteries

A

tunica media

67
Q

…. is the most dominant layer in veins

A

tunica adventitia

68
Q

the … is returning most of the lymph back to the blood on the left side

A

thoracic duct

69
Q

the layers of the epidermis

A

Can Lucy Give Some Blood

Corneum
Lucidum (thick skin only)
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale
70
Q

what layers of the epidermis will you see keratohyaline?

A

granulosum

but begins in spinosum

71
Q

SCC happens in the stratum … and BCC happens in the stratum …

A

spinosum

basale

72
Q

melanocytes are found in the stratum …

A

basale

73
Q

the dermis is highly … and contains …

A

vascularized

open ended nerve endings

74
Q

the hypodermis contains … tissue which provides … and also contains …

A

adipose tissue
insulation
sebaceous glands, hair follicles

75
Q

thymus location and function

A

mediastinum (behind sternum)

maturation if T cells

76
Q

location of spleen

A

behind stomach in ULQ of abdomen

77
Q

alveoli are lined with simple squamous …. which are responsible for gas exchange

A

type 1 pneumocytes

78
Q

type 1 pneumocytes cannot

A

regenerate

79
Q

type 2 cells in alveoli produce

A

surfactant

80
Q

in the GI system, what layer is meisseners plexus located in?

A

submucosa

81
Q

in the GI system, what layer is auerbachs plexus located in?

A

muscular externa

82
Q

in the stomach, parietal cells secrete… and …

A

HCl

intrinsic factor

83
Q

in the stomach, G cells secrete …. and this stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl and chief cells to secrete pepsionogen

A

Gastrin

84
Q

in the stomach, chief cells secrete …

A

pepsinogen

85
Q

the liver is divided into L and R lobes by the

A

falciform ligament

NBDE part 1 (9 decks)

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