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NBDE part 1 > General Physiology > Flashcards

General Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

the equilibrium potential of a cell is

A

-90 mV

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2
Q

facilitated diffusion is an example of

A

carrier mediated transport

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3
Q

… receptors are the only ones that open both Na+ and K+ channels

A

nicotinic

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4
Q

what % of our body is water

A

60

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5
Q

most body fluid is in which compartment?

A

intracellular

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6
Q

inspiration is an … process and what does it involve?

A

active

diaphragm contracts, external intercoastals contract and the scalenes contract

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7
Q

in forced expiration, what muscles contract?

A

internal intercostals

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8
Q

emphysema has a loss of

A

lung elasticity

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9
Q

What is TV, ERV and IRV?

A

tidal volume- normal vol. expired and inspired during normal breathing

ERV- maximum air expired after normal TV expiration

IRV- maximum air inspired after normal TV inspiration

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10
Q

what is vital capacity

A

IRV+ERV+TV

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11
Q

what is residual volume

what is functional residual volume

A

volume after maximum expiration

volume after normal expiration

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12
Q

the …. is often measured over 1 second an compared to the FVC to determine the respiratory function of the patient and to classify lung disease as restrictive or obstructive

A

forced expiratory volume (FEV1)

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13
Q

total lung capacity is?

A

vital capacity+ residual volume

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14
Q

…. is characterized by poor expansion of the lungs with a decrease in lung volume and a normal to elevated FEV1/FVC ratio

A

restrictive lung disease

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15
Q

98% of oxygen is ….

and 2% is …

A

bound to hgb

dissolved in plasma

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16
Q

CO2 is 20x more … and …. than oxygen

A

more prevalent in the bloodstream

soluble

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17
Q

90% of CO2 is transported to the lungs in the form of

A

bicarb

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18
Q

pO2 in the air?

pCO2 in the air?

A

160 mmHg

almost zero

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19
Q

what is the pO2 in the alveoli? arteries?

A

104

100

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20
Q

pCO2 in the alveoli? arteries?

A

40

<40

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21
Q

pO2 and pCO2 in the veins?

A

pO2 is < 40

pCO2 > 45

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22
Q

what are diffusion rates of CO2 and O2 affected by

A

thickness of membrane

surface area of membrane

diffusion coefficient of gas

partial pressure differences

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23
Q

what does fick’s law say?

A

diffusion rate is inversely proportional to thickness of diffusion membrane

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24
Q

a shift to the right of the oxygen dissociation curve indicates that hgb is …. capable of binding O2 at a given partial pressure.

what causes a shift to the right?

A

LESS

decrease in pH (higher acidity)
increase in temperature
increase in CO2 levels

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25
Q

a shift to the left of the oxygen dissociation curve indicates that hgb is … capable of binding O2 at a given partial pressure.

what causes a shift to the left?

A

MORE

increase in pH
decrease in temp
decrease in CO2

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26
Q

the rhythmicity center for respiratory control is in the

A

medulla oblongata

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27
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors include the …. and … that are located in the … and … and detect what?

A

carotid and aortic bodies

carotid and aorta

O2 and CO2 levels

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28
Q

what can cause metabolic acidosis

A

diarrhea, fasting, ketoacidosis

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29
Q

what can cause metabolic alkalosis

A

vomiting

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30
Q

pacemaker of heart?

A

SA node (60-100beats/min)

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31
Q

which nerve sends signals for the aortic baroreceptors?

A

vagus

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32
Q

which nerves sends signals for the carotid baroreceptors?

A

glossopharyngeal

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33
Q

ADH, angiotensin II and aldosterone do what to the blood pressure?

A

increase

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34
Q

ejection fraction equation?

A

EDV-ESV / EDV

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35
Q

cardiac output =

A

stroke volume x heartrate

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36
Q

do the following need to be increased or decreased to increase BV

ADH
aldosterone
angiotensin

A

all need to increase

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37
Q

a decrease in BP and blood to the kidneys causes … to produce….

A

juxtaglomerular cells to produce renin

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38
Q

what does renin do

A

convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

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39
Q

what converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II ?

A

ACE

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40
Q

angiotensin II is a potent

A

vasoconstrictor

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41
Q

angiotensin II will not only cause vasoconstriction but will also cause the …. to release …. which will…

and will also increase ADH levels

A

adrenal cortex

aldosterone

cause water and salt retention

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42
Q

ADH also known as…. works in the … to increase…

A

vasopressin

collecting duct

water retention

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43
Q

glucose is reabsorbed 100% in the

A

PCT

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44
Q

what is reabsorbed in the PCT

A 
Na
water
K
glucose 
aa's
bicarb
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45
Q

acetazolamide works in the … and inhibits … production which inhibits reabsorption of Na and bicarb back into the body

A

PCT

carbonic anhydrase

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46
Q

what is reabsorbed in the descending LOH

A

only water (passively leaves the desc. loop)

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47
Q

what happens in the ascending LOH

A

actively pumps Na and Cl, water is unable to follow

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48
Q

Furosemide acts on the …. and it inhibits the … cotransporter and can cause hypokalemia

A

thick ascending loop

Na/2Cl/K

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49
Q

T/F the DCT is impermeable to water

A

yes unless acted on by aldosterone

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50
Q

aldosterone and K+ sparing diuretics work on the …

A

late DCT

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51
Q

thiazide diuretics work on the …, they inhibit the … pump resulting in a decrease in their reabsorption. it also increases reabsorption of…

A

early DCT

Na/Cl

calcium

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52
Q

aldosterone increases …. reabsorption at the expense of excreting … which could cause..

A

Na and water

K+

hypokalemia

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53
Q

decreased blood pressure is sensed by … that communicate with … cells which release renin which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which goes to the lung where ACE converts it to angiotensin II

A

macula densa

JG cells

54
Q

how and where in the kidneys is ammonia (NH3) produced

A

epithelial cells of PCT through the catabolism of glutamine

55
Q

carbonic anhydrase in kidney tubular cells with associated with reabsorption of what?

A

bicarb

56
Q

synthesis of protein and peptide hormones, 4 facts

A

stored in secretory granules
synthesized to a precursor form
use a second messenger (cAMP)
transported unbound in plasma

57
Q

which brings blood into the glomerulus?

afferent or efferent

A

afferent

58
Q

what are the 6 hypothalamic hormones

A 
TRH--> TSH
CRH --> ACTH
GnRH--> FSH and LH
GHRH--> GH
Somatostatin--> INHIBITS GH
Prolactin Inhibiting Factor
59
Q

what is the precursor for aldosterone, estradiol, testosterone and cortisol

A

cholesterol

60
Q

6 anterior pituitary hormones?

A 
ACTH
FSH
LH
GH
Prolactin
TSH
61
Q

path of ACTH and function?

A

anterior pituitary –> hypothalamus –>adrenal

stim. release of glucocorticoids

62
Q

iodine deficiency will cause an increase in?

A

thyroglobulin

63
Q

Gigantism is excess of GH (somatotropin) …. puberty

A

before

64
Q

Acromegaly is excess of GH (somatotropin) …. puberty

A

after

65
Q

target tissue of FSH? and function?

A

ovaries and testes

stim. development of follicles in ovaries
causes spermatogenesis in testes

66
Q

target and function of LH?

A

gonads

secretion of estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males

67
Q

estrogens stimulate growth of the …

progesterone inhibits … and maintains vascular supply

A

endometrium

endometrial growth

68
Q

withdrawal of progesterone leads to

A

menstruation

69
Q

day one of the cycle is the start of menstruation and the start of the …. phase which has high levels of …

A

follicular

FSH

70
Q

the … phase lasts from the first day of ovulation to the next bleeding cycle

A

luteal

71
Q

during the luteal phase, FSH levels … and progesterone levels…

A

drop

rise

72
Q

mid-cycle, rising levels of estrogen and FSH stimulate a

A

surge of LH

73
Q

the LH surge leads to… and then causes differentiation of follicles into corpus luteum which releases estrogen and progesterone

A

rupture of follicles and release of ova (ovulation)

74
Q

estrogen and progesterone levels decrease as the corpus luteum function fails leading to ….

A

menstruation (unless fertilization occurs)

75
Q

progesterone is released during the … phase and inhibits further … but promotes …

A

endometrial growth

maintenance of endometrium

76
Q

if implantation occurs, …. is secreted by the embryo and maintains the corpus luteum

A

chorionic gonadotropin

77
Q

prolactin stimulates the …. and is inhibited by … which is released from the …

A

milk production

PIF

hypothalamus

78
Q

oxytocin stimulates

A

milk ejection

79
Q

posterior pituitary hormones?

A

ADH

oxytocin

80
Q

diabetes insipidus is due to a … deficiency

A

ADH

81
Q

bone formation is stimulated by

A 
GH
Insulin
Estrogen
Androgen
Vitamin D
Calcitonin
82
Q

bone reabsorption is stimulated by

A

PTH
vitamin D
cortisol

83
Q

bone formation is inhibited by

A

PTH

cortisol

84
Q

bone reabsorption is inhibited by

A

estrogen
androgen
calcitonin

85
Q

parathyroid glands are made up of 2 types of cells

A

chief

oxyphil

86
Q

PTH is synthesized in … cells

PTH synthesis is controlled by

A

chief

calcium levels

87
Q

increased serum calcium levels … the release of PTH

decreased serum calcium levels … the release of PTH

A

decrease

increase

88
Q

hyperparathyrpidism results in … serum calcium and …. serum phosphate levels

A

increased

decreased

89
Q

PTH’s functions

A

stimulates osteoclast activity

enhances reabsorption of calcium in the PCT of the kidneys

activates 1-alpha-hydroxyl (an enzyme in the kidneys that converts D3 to active form)

inhibits reabsorption of phosphate by the kidneys

90
Q

PTH …. osteoclast activity

A

stimulates

91
Q

PTH …. reabsorption of calcium in the PCT of the kidneys

A

enhances

92
Q

PTH activates …. which is an enzyme in the kidneys that converts D3 to active form

A

1-alpha-hydroxyl

93
Q

PTH …. reabsorption of phosphate by the kidneys

A

inhibits

94
Q

calcitonin is synthesized by …. of the … gland and it … serum calcium

A

parafollicular cells

thyroid gland

decreases

95
Q

calcitonin is the … of PTH

A

antagonist

96
Q

calcitonin … osteoclast activity

A

inhibits

97
Q

in the pancreas, alpha cells secrete …. , beta cells secrete …. and delta cells secrete …

A

glucagon

insulin

somatostatin

98
Q

insulin … phosphofructokinase

A

increases

99
Q

mineralcorticoids are produced in the zona….
glucocorticoids are produced in the zona….
androgens are produced in the zona ….

A

glomerulosa

fasciculata

reticularis

My Grandpa
Got Fresh
Apples from Rahway

100
Q

chronic use of glucocorticoids can lead to

A

immunosuppression

101
Q

the adrenal medulla is responsible for …. release

A

catecholamine (epi and norepi)

102
Q

actin filaments contain … and …

A

tropomyosin and troponin

103
Q

the A band is the length of

A

the thick myosin filaments

104
Q

The I band is the length of the

A

thin filaments not superimposed by thick

105
Q

The H band is the length of the

A

thick filaments not superimposed by the thin

106
Q

calcium binds to …. on thin filaments causing a …. in …. that leads to exposure of the myosin binding sites

A

troponin C

conformational change

tropomysoin

107
Q

the release of … causes myosin to pull on the actin filaments causing a …

A

ADP

power stroke

108
Q

after the power stroke, …. binds to myosin causing the myosin heads to dissociate from the actin filaments

A

ATP

109
Q

what bands shorten during contraction

A

H
I
Z

110
Q

golgi tendon organs signal the … on a muscle

A

force

111
Q

muscle spindles determine the muscle … and rate of change through the …. system

A

length

gamma efferent

112
Q

slow twitch muscle fibers have … oxidative capacity, … capillaries, … myoglobin content and … mitochondria

A

high
multiple
high
lots of

113
Q

describe slow twitch fibers

A

small and red

114
Q

fast twitch fibers have … oxidative capacity, … capillaries, … myoglobin content and …. mitochondria

A

low
few
low
not that many

115
Q

describe fast twitch fibers

A

white and big

116
Q

action potentials in smooth muscles are generated by …

A

ligand gated calcium channels

117
Q

once calcium enters in smooth muscle, it binds to …. which activates …

A

calmodulin

myosin light chain kinase

118
Q

if MLCK cannot by phosphorylized, the MLCK can still bind to actin via the … and this requires no energy

A

latch bridge formation

119
Q

cholecystokinin is a GI hormone that is secreted in the … and … and it inhibits ….

A

duodenum
jejunum
gastrin secretion and motility

120
Q

secretin is a GI hormone that is secreted in the … and …. and it stimulates the pancreas to secrete …. and …

A

duodenum
jejunum
biacarb
pancreatic enzymes

121
Q

GIP is a GI hormone that is secreted in the .. and … and inhibits … and stimulates …

A

duodenum
jejunum
gastrin secretion and motility
insulin secretion

122
Q

Gastrin is the only GI hormone that is secreted by the… and it stimulates … and …

A

stomach
HCl secretion
gastric motility

123
Q

mucous is secreted by …. cells that line the entire GI tract

A

goblet

124
Q

the stomach has 4 types of cells

A

neck
parietal
chief
G

125
Q

neck cells in the stomach secrete

A

mucous

126
Q

parietal cells secrete … and …

A 
intrinsic factor (aids in B12 absorption)
HCl
127
Q

chief cells secrete

A

pepsinogen

128
Q

G cells secrete

A

gastrin

129
Q

gastrin is an … secretion because it is delivered directly to the bloodstream

A

intrinsic

130
Q

pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, HCl, and mucous are all …. secretions because they stay in the lumen of the GI tract

A

extrinsic

131
Q

the stomach is the only part of the GI system that is acidic and it is protected by the gastric mucosal barrier which is made up of … and … to protect the stomach

A

bicarb and mucous

132
Q

which has the longest emptying time? lipids, carbs or proteins

A

lipids

NBDE part 1 (9 decks)

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