General Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
the equilibrium potential of a cell is
A
-90 mV
2
Q
facilitated diffusion is an example of
A
carrier mediated transport
3
Q
… receptors are the only ones that open both Na+ and K+ channels
A
nicotinic
4
Q
what % of our body is water
A
60
5
Q
most body fluid is in which compartment?
A
intracellular
6
Q
inspiration is an … process and what does it involve?
A
active
diaphragm contracts, external intercoastals contract and the scalenes contract
7
Q
in forced expiration, what muscles contract?
A
internal intercostals
8
Q
emphysema has a loss of
A
lung elasticity
9
Q
What is TV, ERV and IRV?
A
tidal volume- normal vol. expired and inspired during normal breathing
ERV- maximum air expired after normal TV expiration
IRV- maximum air inspired after normal TV inspiration
10
Q
what is vital capacity
A
IRV+ERV+TV
11
Q
what is residual volume
what is functional residual volume
A
volume after maximum expiration
volume after normal expiration
12
Q
the …. is often measured over 1 second an compared to the FVC to determine the respiratory function of the patient and to classify lung disease as restrictive or obstructive
A
forced expiratory volume (FEV1)
13
Q
total lung capacity is?
A
vital capacity+ residual volume
14
Q
…. is characterized by poor expansion of the lungs with a decrease in lung volume and a normal to elevated FEV1/FVC ratio
A
restrictive lung disease
15
Q
98% of oxygen is ….
and 2% is …
A
bound to hgb
dissolved in plasma
16
Q
CO2 is 20x more … and …. than oxygen
A
more prevalent in the bloodstream
soluble
17
Q
90% of CO2 is transported to the lungs in the form of
A
bicarb
18
Q
pO2 in the air?
pCO2 in the air?
A
160 mmHg
almost zero
19
Q
what is the pO2 in the alveoli? arteries?
A
104
100
20
Q
pCO2 in the alveoli? arteries?
A
40
<40
21
Q
pO2 and pCO2 in the veins?
A
pO2 is < 40
pCO2 > 45
22
Q
what are diffusion rates of CO2 and O2 affected by
A
thickness of membrane
surface area of membrane
diffusion coefficient of gas
partial pressure differences
23
Q
what does fick’s law say?
A
diffusion rate is inversely proportional to thickness of diffusion membrane
24
Q
a shift to the right of the oxygen dissociation curve indicates that hgb is …. capable of binding O2 at a given partial pressure.
what causes a shift to the right?
A
LESS
decrease in pH (higher acidity)
increase in temperature
increase in CO2 levels
25
a shift to the left of the oxygen dissociation curve indicates that hgb is ... capable of binding O2 at a given partial pressure.
what causes a shift to the left?
MORE
increase in pH
decrease in temp
decrease in CO2
26
the rhythmicity center for respiratory control is in the
medulla oblongata
27
peripheral chemoreceptors include the .... and ... that are located in the ... and ... and detect what?
carotid and aortic bodies
carotid and aorta
O2 and CO2 levels
28
what can cause metabolic acidosis
diarrhea, fasting, ketoacidosis
29
what can cause metabolic alkalosis
vomiting
30
pacemaker of heart?
SA node (60-100beats/min)
31
which nerve sends signals for the aortic baroreceptors?
vagus
32
which nerves sends signals for the carotid baroreceptors?
glossopharyngeal
33
ADH, angiotensin II and aldosterone do what to the blood pressure?
increase
34
ejection fraction equation?
EDV-ESV / EDV
35
cardiac output =
stroke volume x heartrate
36
do the following need to be increased or decreased to increase BV
ADH
aldosterone
angiotensin
all need to increase
37
a decrease in BP and blood to the kidneys causes ... to produce....
juxtaglomerular cells to produce renin
38
what does renin do
convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
39
what converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II ?
ACE
40
angiotensin II is a potent
vasoconstrictor
41
angiotensin II will not only cause vasoconstriction but will also cause the .... to release .... which will...
and will also increase ADH levels
adrenal cortex
aldosterone
cause water and salt retention
42
ADH also known as.... works in the ... to increase...
vasopressin
collecting duct
water retention
43
glucose is reabsorbed 100% in the
PCT
44
what is reabsorbed in the PCT
```
Na
water
K
glucose
aa's
bicarb
```
45
acetazolamide works in the ... and inhibits ... production which inhibits reabsorption of Na and bicarb back into the body
PCT
carbonic anhydrase
46
what is reabsorbed in the descending LOH
only water (passively leaves the desc. loop)
47
what happens in the ascending LOH
actively pumps Na and Cl, water is unable to follow
48
Furosemide acts on the .... and it inhibits the ... cotransporter and can cause hypokalemia
thick ascending loop
Na/2Cl/K
49
T/F the DCT is impermeable to water
yes unless acted on by aldosterone
50
aldosterone and K+ sparing diuretics work on the ...
late DCT
51
thiazide diuretics work on the ..., they inhibit the ... pump resulting in a decrease in their reabsorption. it also increases reabsorption of...
early DCT
Na/Cl
calcium
52
aldosterone increases .... reabsorption at the expense of excreting ... which could cause..
Na and water
K+
hypokalemia
53
decreased blood pressure is sensed by ... that communicate with ... cells which release renin which converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which goes to the lung where ACE converts it to angiotensin II
macula densa
JG cells
54
how and where in the kidneys is ammonia (NH3) produced
epithelial cells of PCT through the catabolism of glutamine
55
carbonic anhydrase in kidney tubular cells with associated with reabsorption of what?
bicarb
56
synthesis of protein and peptide hormones, 4 facts
stored in secretory granules
synthesized to a precursor form
use a second messenger (cAMP)
transported unbound in plasma
57
which brings blood into the glomerulus?
afferent or efferent
afferent
58
what are the 6 hypothalamic hormones
```
TRH--> TSH
CRH --> ACTH
GnRH--> FSH and LH
GHRH--> GH
Somatostatin--> INHIBITS GH
Prolactin Inhibiting Factor
```
59
what is the precursor for aldosterone, estradiol, testosterone and cortisol
cholesterol
60
6 anterior pituitary hormones?
```
ACTH
FSH
LH
GH
Prolactin
TSH
```
61
path of ACTH and function?
anterior pituitary --> hypothalamus -->adrenal
stim. release of glucocorticoids
62
iodine deficiency will cause an increase in?
thyroglobulin
63
Gigantism is excess of GH (somatotropin) .... puberty
before
64
Acromegaly is excess of GH (somatotropin) .... puberty
after
65
target tissue of FSH? and function?
ovaries and testes
stim. development of follicles in ovaries
causes spermatogenesis in testes
66
target and function of LH?
gonads
secretion of estrogen and progesterone in females and testosterone in males
67
estrogens stimulate growth of the ...
| progesterone inhibits ... and maintains vascular supply
endometrium
endometrial growth
68
withdrawal of progesterone leads to
menstruation
69
day one of the cycle is the start of menstruation and the start of the .... phase which has high levels of ...
follicular
FSH
70
the ... phase lasts from the first day of ovulation to the next bleeding cycle
luteal
71
during the luteal phase, FSH levels ... and progesterone levels...
drop
rise
72
mid-cycle, rising levels of estrogen and FSH stimulate a
surge of LH
73
the LH surge leads to... and then causes differentiation of follicles into corpus luteum which releases estrogen and progesterone
rupture of follicles and release of ova (ovulation)
74
estrogen and progesterone levels decrease as the corpus luteum function fails leading to ....
menstruation (unless fertilization occurs)
75
progesterone is released during the ... phase and inhibits further ... but promotes ...
endometrial growth
maintenance of endometrium
76
if implantation occurs, .... is secreted by the embryo and maintains the corpus luteum
chorionic gonadotropin
77
prolactin stimulates the .... and is inhibited by ... which is released from the ...
milk production
PIF
hypothalamus
78
oxytocin stimulates
milk ejection
79
posterior pituitary hormones?
ADH
| oxytocin
80
diabetes insipidus is due to a ... deficiency
ADH
81
bone formation is stimulated by
```
GH
Insulin
Estrogen
Androgen
Vitamin D
Calcitonin
```
82
bone reabsorption is stimulated by
PTH
vitamin D
cortisol
83
bone formation is inhibited by
PTH
| cortisol
84
bone reabsorption is inhibited by
estrogen
androgen
calcitonin
85
parathyroid glands are made up of 2 types of cells
chief
| oxyphil
86
PTH is synthesized in ... cells
PTH synthesis is controlled by
chief
calcium levels
87
increased serum calcium levels ... the release of PTH
decreased serum calcium levels ... the release of PTH
decrease
increase
88
hyperparathyrpidism results in ... serum calcium and .... serum phosphate levels
increased
decreased
89
PTH's functions
stimulates osteoclast activity
enhances reabsorption of calcium in the PCT of the kidneys
activates 1-alpha-hydroxyl (an enzyme in the kidneys that converts D3 to active form)
inhibits reabsorption of phosphate by the kidneys
90
PTH .... osteoclast activity
stimulates
91
PTH .... reabsorption of calcium in the PCT of the kidneys
enhances
92
PTH activates .... which is an enzyme in the kidneys that converts D3 to active form
1-alpha-hydroxyl
93
PTH .... reabsorption of phosphate by the kidneys
inhibits
94
calcitonin is synthesized by .... of the ... gland and it ... serum calcium
parafollicular cells
thyroid gland
decreases
95
calcitonin is the ... of PTH
antagonist
96
calcitonin ... osteoclast activity
inhibits
97
in the pancreas, alpha cells secrete .... , beta cells secrete .... and delta cells secrete ...
glucagon
insulin
somatostatin
98
insulin ... phosphofructokinase
increases
99
mineralcorticoids are produced in the zona....
glucocorticoids are produced in the zona....
androgens are produced in the zona ....
glomerulosa
fasciculata
reticularis
My Grandpa
Got Fresh
Apples from Rahway
100
chronic use of glucocorticoids can lead to
immunosuppression
101
the adrenal medulla is responsible for .... release
catecholamine (epi and norepi)
102
actin filaments contain ... and ...
tropomyosin and troponin
103
the A band is the length of
the thick myosin filaments
104
The I band is the length of the
thin filaments not superimposed by thick
105
The H band is the length of the
thick filaments not superimposed by the thin
106
calcium binds to .... on thin filaments causing a .... in .... that leads to exposure of the myosin binding sites
troponin C
conformational change
tropomysoin
107
the release of ... causes myosin to pull on the actin filaments causing a ...
ADP
power stroke
108
after the power stroke, .... binds to myosin causing the myosin heads to dissociate from the actin filaments
ATP
109
what bands shorten during contraction
H
I
Z
110
golgi tendon organs signal the ... on a muscle
force
111
muscle spindles determine the muscle ... and rate of change through the .... system
length
gamma efferent
112
slow twitch muscle fibers have ... oxidative capacity, ... capillaries, ... myoglobin content and ... mitochondria
high
multiple
high
lots of
113
describe slow twitch fibers
small and red
114
fast twitch fibers have ... oxidative capacity, ... capillaries, ... myoglobin content and .... mitochondria
low
few
low
not that many
115
describe fast twitch fibers
white and big
116
action potentials in smooth muscles are generated by ...
ligand gated calcium channels
117
once calcium enters in smooth muscle, it binds to .... which activates ...
calmodulin
myosin light chain kinase
118
if MLCK cannot by phosphorylized, the MLCK can still bind to actin via the ... and this requires no energy
latch bridge formation
119
cholecystokinin is a GI hormone that is secreted in the ... and ... and it inhibits ....
duodenum
jejunum
gastrin secretion and motility
120
secretin is a GI hormone that is secreted in the ... and .... and it stimulates the pancreas to secrete .... and ...
duodenum
jejunum
biacarb
pancreatic enzymes
121
GIP is a GI hormone that is secreted in the .. and ... and inhibits ... and stimulates ...
duodenum
jejunum
gastrin secretion and motility
insulin secretion
122
Gastrin is the only GI hormone that is secreted by the... and it stimulates ... and ...
stomach
HCl secretion
gastric motility
123
mucous is secreted by .... cells that line the entire GI tract
goblet
124
the stomach has 4 types of cells
neck
parietal
chief
G
125
neck cells in the stomach secrete
mucous
126
parietal cells secrete ... and ...
```
intrinsic factor (aids in B12 absorption)
HCl
```
127
chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
128
G cells secrete
gastrin
129
gastrin is an ... secretion because it is delivered directly to the bloodstream
intrinsic
130
pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, HCl, and mucous are all .... secretions because they stay in the lumen of the GI tract
extrinsic
131
the stomach is the only part of the GI system that is acidic and it is protected by the gastric mucosal barrier which is made up of ... and ... to protect the stomach
bicarb and mucous
132
which has the longest emptying time? lipids, carbs or proteins
lipids
