Microbiology Exam 3 Flashcards by Shun Shun

physically prevent initial or deeper entry of m.o/pathogenic organisms in your body

Mechanical Defenses (Anatomical)

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e.g. skin 
mucous membranes (moist membranes that line cavities open to outside of the body); soft moist tissue inside the nose ear mouth and eyes.  
Bony encasements -   skull ribcage.

Anatomical barriers

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Physiological defenses - common function defend body

a. Inflammation
b. Fever
c. Phagoctosis

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the bodies total response to an injury; 1st function defense in physiological defense; shift blood to injured area

Inflammation

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reflex action of body raising temperature to kill pathogens that prefer medium temperature; pyrogens is the substance that stimulates the production that causes a fever. Pyrogens may come from within or from outside the body. Pyrogen - an agent that causes the body temperature to rise.

Fever

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cell ingestion; ingest surround anything foreign to prevent infection; (white blood cells/leukocytes/neutrophils) scavengers - large cell ingestors like pacman.

Phagoctosis

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Chemical defenses

a. Body secretions
b. Antibodies
c. Interferon

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useful substance from (glands) ie: bile (waste pigment), saliva

Body secretions

(1) Lysozyme
(2) Gastric juice

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enzymes present in tears that kill bacteria.

Lysozyme

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highly acidic pH to protect digestive tract against majority of pathogens that prefer slightly alkaline; (HCL) hydrochloric acid produced within the stomach to kill bacteria.

Gastric juice

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Specific protein produced within the body in response to a specific foreign protein (antigen) or bacteria. {Antigens trigger production of antibodies}

Antibodies

Immunoglobulins-Ig

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medical name for antibody chemical defense against infection.

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

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virus neutralizing substance produced individually by the body cells. Can be enhanced by vaccination.

Interferon

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glyco protein substance developed in response to, and interacting specifically with antigen. Once an antibody is formed in the body it will remain forever. It may decrease over the years. Another name for antibodies is immunogoblin (Ig). Antibodies are classified as chemical defenses against specific infection in the body.

Antibodies

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The study of immunity.

IMMUNOLOGY

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a highly developed state of resistance of the body in response to a specific infection or disease.

Immunity

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the absence or suppression of factors responsible for development of immunity.

Susceptibility

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specific foreign proteins which cause the body to produce specific antibodies against them.

Antigens

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Antibodies

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Characteristics of Antigen

a true antibody is a substance produced by the body and has bivalent receptor sites (two ends) and only formed in response to antigens.
A true antibody will have bivalent receptor sites; if incomplete (only one end) an allergic reaction can occur.

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any immunity for which your born (conception); inborn

Natural (innate) immunity

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incidence of sickle cell anemia. Red Blood Cells are not round but look like a sickle; absence or lack blood. A particular race is predisposed to a disease. incidence of sickle cell anemia; higher in blacks & eskimoes less TBs

Racial

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distemper non-human disease (animals dog).

Species

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(interferon) a virus neutralizing substance produced by cells in Individuals. The amount of interferon is produced differently in each person.

Individual

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(not born with must obtain) obtained immunity through the natural life process.

Acquired immunity

The body was actively involved in producing antibodies and natural life process.

Naturally acquired

The body was actively involved in producing antibodies. Having a disease and recovering from it since you didn’t die from the disease it is called a naturally acquired Active immunity. last longer slowly established; human body actively or directly involved in producing antibodies

Active immunity Naturally acquired Active immunity Measles lobar pneumonia

The body was not directly involved in producing antibodies.

Passive immunity Naturally acquired Passive immunity Breast milk Placenta transfer Colostrum

the first mother’s milk secreted following child birth. Receiving antibodies from the mother.

Colostrum

during the breast feed period antibodies are being transmitted.

Breast milk

antibodies transferred from mother to child prior to birth of infections she suffered in life.

Placental transfer

not obtained through the naturally life process but by a shot or immunization.

Artificially acquired

vaccines (DPT) given when healthy to build up immunity against the infections. Toxiods - poisonous substances that have been modified in the laboratory setting and used to convey immunity by shot or vaccine. Active immunity last longer than passive immunity however it is more slowly established. The immunity established would never be formed in the body without the vaccination.

Active immunity ``` Artificially acquired Active immunity DPT/ diphtheria poliomyelitis tetanus toxoids PPD/purified protein derivative Attenuated/weakened strain ```

Conveyed by artificial means instantaneously through a pre-formed antibody. Last the shortest time - 3-7 days. Examples of these artificial means are: immune serum antiserum gamma globulin.

Passive immunity Artificially acquired Passive immunity immune serum antiserum gamma globulin

a weakened active strain; live or dead (flu shot). Microorganisms extracts (PPD) - purified protein derivative the TB skin test.

Attenuated strain

Level of control

1. Sterilization 2. Disinfection 3. Antisepsis (Against Sepsis)

process of completely removing or destroying all life form or their products (endospors capsules endotoxins exotoxins) on or in a substance.

Sterilization

the distruction of all pathogenic organisms (infectious agents) from an object through physical or chemical means.

Disinfection

against presence of microorganisms; the prevention of sepsis by preventing or inhibiting the growth of causative organisms.

Antisepsis (Against Sepsis)

the agent to achieve this is called an antiseptic. An antiseptic does not kill a germs but prevents its growth and multiplication.

Antiseptic

Methods of control 1. Physical a. Scrubbing b. Heat (1) Incineration (2) Dry heat (3) Moist heat (a) Boiling (b) Free-flowing steam. (c) Steam under pressure c. Cold temperatures d. Ultraviolet light (UV)

2. Chemical methods a. Disinfectants b. Factors influencing the action of disinfectants. c. Disinfectants suitable for mortuary procedures.

The application of extreme temperatures of heat or cold

Physical (Methods of control)

The actual mechanical method of moving hands with a soft scrub brush and using a disinfectant soap

Scrubbing

Most common method; most widely; therma methods

Heat (1) Incineration – Burning / Flaming as a lab technique. (2) Dry heat - Convection oven (3) Moist heat - The most effective method.

The most effective method.

Moist heat (a) Boiling - liquid state to gaseous state. (b) Free-flowing steam. (c) Steam under pressure: autoclave

Autoclave (if available its the best method chemical or physical to achieve true sterilization) Standard temperature: 121 C - 207 F Standard pressure: 15 lbs Standard exposure time: 15 minutes 15lbs @ 121 degrees for 15 minutes If constant for temperature pressure and time all forms of life known to man will be killed.

Steam under pressure:

Refrigeration will slow down the rate of decomposition. It removes moisture.

Cold temperatures

bactericidal - will kill most bacteria. Bacteria, however will build up an immunity to ultraviolet light - above violet; ROYGBIV

Ultraviolet light (UV)

Chemical agents used to disinfect. Substances which rid pathogens on objects.

Disinfectants (Chemical methods)

Disinfectants

(1) Germicide (2) Bactericide (3) Fungicide (4) Viricide (5) Insecticides (6) Larvacide

Chemical disinfectant that kills a wide variety of germs or pathogens (microorganisms).

Germicide

Chemical disinfectants which kill bacteria.

Bactericide

Chemical disinfectants which kill fungi yeast moles and fungus i.e. athlete’s foot and ringworm’s.

Fungicide

Chemical disinfectants which kill virus.

Viricide

Chemical disinfectants used to kill insects. Vectors

Insecticides

Chemical disinfectants used to kill larva of insects.

Larvacide

Factors influencing the action of disinfectants.

(1) Nature of the disinfectant - fit the disinfectant to the problem. (2) Concentration of the disinfectant, as you increase the concentration you increase the disinfectant’s ability. (3) Nature of the material to be disinfected. (4) Number of microorganisms present. (5) Kind of microorganism present i.e. if a germ uses a germicide. (6) Time of exposure to disinfectant - if you increase exposure time you will increase the disinfectant’s quality. (7) Temperature of disinfectant during exposure. If you increase the water temperature the disinfectant will be diluted into you will increase the effectiveness. (8) pH of disinfectant during exposure.

Disinfectants suitable for mortuary procedures. (1) Halogens (a) Hypochlorites (b) Iodophors (2) Alcohol’s (a) Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) (b) Isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) (3) Aldehydes (alcohol deprived of hydrogen) (a) Formalin (b) Glutaraldehyde (4) Phenolic compounds (a) Phenol (carbolic acid) (b) Cresol (Lysol) (c) Hexachlorophene (5) Quatenary ammonium compounds (quats)

salt formers; group 7 elements

Halogens | 1) Hypochlorites (bleaches (2) Iodophors

e.g.: NAOCL - household bleach. Standard solution is 1:10 dilution; standard external disinfectant per CDC (Center for Disease Control).

Hypochlorites (bleaches)

Iodine; Betadine ( surgical scrub)

Iodophors

(ethanol) use grain to produce and the only alcohol fit for human consumption.

Ethyl alcohol

rubbing alcohol; Disinfectant

Isopropyl alcohol

the number of grams of formaldehyde gas dissolved in a 100milliliter of solution. The highest index used in embalming is 36 index. The saturation point is 37% by weight - 40% by volume. Jaundice is 8 to 10 grams - the lowest index used in embalming.

Index

alcohol deprived of hydrogen

Aldehydes (1) Formalin (2) Glutaraldehyde

(Formaldehyde solution) mixture of formaldehyde gas and water. Compare strength using an index (# of grams of formaldehyde gas dissolved in 100ml of solution; represent % of formaldehyde within the container/product) 25[35]%/index-16oz bottle-4[5.6]oz formaldehyde.

Formalin

2% as cidex. A better disinfectant than formalin (formaldehyde) but not as good as a preservative.

Glutaraldehyde

based on the chemical phenol.

Phenolic compounds | 1) Phenol (carbolic acid (2) Cresols (Lysol) (3) Hexachlorophene

it is weakly acidic in terms of pH. Used as a cauterizer - to sear off or prevent leakage from tissue. Use as a bleaching agent.

Phenol (carbolic acid)

(Lysol) a member of the phenolic compound.

Cresol

a topical disinfectant.

Hexachlorophene

Example Benzalkonium chloride - of a chemical using quartenary ammonium compounds as an active ingredient.

Quatenary ammonium compounds (quats) (1) Benzalkonium Chloride; (2) Zephrian Chloride