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Microbiology > Microbiology Exam 2 > Flashcards

Microbiology Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacterial typical reproduction

A

binary fission (simple transverse division); an asexual means

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2
Q

Bacterial colony:

A

a visible growth of bacteria growing on a culture medium (nutrient broth, blood agar); Petri dish or test tube used to test - culture growing organisms

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3
Q

CONDITIONS AFFECTING BACTERIA GROWTH

A

Food requirements
Oxygen requirements
Moisture requirements
Temperature requirements

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4
Q

Autotrophic bacteria:

A

obtain their food from inorganic matter; manufacture its on carbon, any bacteria; food does not contain carbon

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5
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria:

A

obtain food from organic matter; all pathogens are so classified

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6
Q

Strict (obligate) saprophytes:

A

any organism that must obtain food from dead organic matter

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7
Q

Strict (obligate) parasites:

A

organism that must obtain food from living organic matter

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8
Q

Facultative (preferred conditions) bacteria:

A

organism that can obtain their food from either dead or living organic matter

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9
Q

Strict (obligate) aerobes:

A

organisms must have present of oxygen to live

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10
Q

Strict (obligate) anaerobes:

A

organisms must have absent of oxygen to live

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11
Q

Microaerophiles:

A

organisms that lives in present of oxygen but at a level required less for humans

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12
Q

Facultative bacteria:

A

organisms that can live in either the present or absence of oxygen; but prefers absence

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13
Q

pH:

A

percentage of H ion in solution; slightly alkaline for most pathogens

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14
Q

pH scale range from 0 (most acidic/sour taste) to 14 (most alkaline)

When tested Acidic shows red and Alkaline shows blue

A

range 0-7 acidic closer to 0 is darker red color

range 7-14 alkaline closer to 14 is darker blue color

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15
Q

7

A

neutral (water)

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16
Q

7.3 - 7.4

A

slightly alkaline (human body & blood)

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17
Q

10.5

A

moderately alkaline / alkaline basic (bitter taste)

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18
Q

13

A

highly alkaline (milk)

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19
Q

5

A

slightly acidic (pick up stiff body of rigamorrtis - but as embalming body it becomes more alkaline)

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20
Q

1

A

highly acidic (battery acid/HCl)

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21
Q

3.5

A

moderately acidic

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22
Q

minimum temperature:

A

lowest temperature that any organism can live

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23
Q

Maximum temperature:

A

highest temperature that any organism can live

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24
Q

Optimum temperature:

A

temperature which organism grow best

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25
Q

Psychrophiles (cryophiles):

A

preferred temperature - organisms that grow best are cold temperature usually below 20 C

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26
Q

Mesophiles:

A
  • most pathogens: organisms that grow best in medium temperature usually between 20 C & 40 C; human 37 C
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27
Q

Thermophiles:

A

organisms that thrive in hot temperatures usually above 40 C

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28
Q

Effect of light on bacterial growth

A
  • UV light is bactericidal, located above violet on spectrum scale; will kill bacteria but not all m.o.’s
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29
Q

Osmotic pressure: diffusion through membranes

A

a. Isotonic
b. Hypertonic
c. Hypotonic

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30
Q

Isotonic:

A

the same: type of solution needed to study bacteria & red blood cells to ensure no change in size, shape & volume; pressure of inside is equal to pressure outside of cell

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31
Q

Hypertonic

A
  • excess solute outside compared to solute inside cell; have more particles exiting cell ie: human drink sea water; excess solution compared to original solution
32
Q

Plasmolysis

A
  • bacteria; shrinkage of bacteria cells when placed in hypertonic solution
33
Q

Crenation

A
  • red blood cells; shrinkage of red blood cells cells when placed in hypertonic solution
34
Q

Hypotonic

A
  • less solute than normal compared to original solute; less solute outside than inside
35
Q

Plas”mop”tysis:

A

more enter the cell than exit cell; (bursting/rupture) of bacteria cells when placed in hypotonic solution

36
Q

Hemolysis

A

(bursting/rupture)- red blood cells in hypotonic solution

37
Q

Bacterial associations

A
  1. Symbiosis
  2. Synergism
  3. Antagonism
38
Q

Symbiosis

A
  • living together; m.o’s living in close nutritional relationships, is required by one or both members, living together
39
Q

Mutualism

A
  • of benefit to all; relationship between 2 or more organism that is of benefit to all in the relationship
40
Q

Commensalism

A
  • of benefit to one, with no effect on the other; (e.g. normal flora living on skin no effect); relationship between 2 or more organism that is of benefit to one with no effect to the others
41
Q

Parasitism

A
  • of benefit to one, harmful to the other; relationship between 2 or more organism that is of benefit to one with harmful effect to the others (ie: rubella, viral infection makes us sick)
42
Q

Synergism

A
  • relationship between 2 or more m.o.’s which produces an effect, be it good or bad, not possible by each one alone
43
Q

Antagonism

A
  • a relationship between 2 or more m.o.’s in which the presence of one inhibits the growth of the other; mutual opposition or contrary action
44
Q

Infection:

A

the entry, establishment and multiplication of pathogens within a host

45
Q

Contamination:

A

the mere presence of infectious material, with no reaction produced

46
Q

Pathogenicity:

A

the ability of an organism to cause an infection in man

47
Q

Virulence:

A

relative power (likely hood) of an organism to cause infection

48
Q

Attenuation:

A

a weakening in the virulence of an organ ie: flu shot

49
Q

Indigenous flora:

A

organisms naturally living in or on a host

50
Q

Drug fast:

A

resistant as in bacteria to the action of a drug or drugs

51
Q

Factors influencing virulence (likely hood)

A
  1. Toxin production:
  2. Enzymes:
  3. Capsules:
  4. Endospores:
52
Q

Toxin production:

A

Ability to produce poisonous substance

53
Q

Exotoxins:

A

produced all the time & continuously release to outside environment; e.g. tetanus (nerotoxin), cholera

54
Q

Endotoxins:

A

only released when cell producing it is destroyed; e.g. spinal meningitis

55
Q

Enzymes:

A

organic catalysts; substances which speed up or accelerate the rate of chemical reaction without being used up/destroyed in the process e.g. salt in boiling water

56
Q

Hyaluronidase (spreading factor):

A

breaks down hyaluronic acid

57
Q

Coagulase:

A

clots plasma; causes liquid/plasma portion of non-clotted blood to form clot around bacteria

58
Q

Fibrinolysin (streptokinase):

A

dissolves blood clots, especially if the clot caused MI

59
Q

Capsule (slime layer):

A

located on outside of certain bacteria; protects cell from phagocytosis, thus enhancing “virulence” of m.o.

60
Q

Endospore:

A

best means of protection any m.o. can possess; NOT a means of reproduction; only 1 per cell when formed; Bacillus & Clostridium only

61
Q

Vegetative bacteria:

A

any bacteria that can never form endospores (does not have genus name Bacillus or Clostridium), or can produce endospores but currently not producing them

62
Q

Sporulating bacteria:

A

any bacteria currently producing endospores; occurs under adverse living conditions (change in temp/ph, medication given)

63
Q

Germinating bacteria:

A

when free endospore forms new vegetative cell when good living conditions return

64
Q

Sources of infection

A
  1. Animals or persons currently ill
  2. Chronic animal or human carriers
  3. Environment: air we breathe-urban vs rural
65
Q

Animals or persons currently ill

A
  • best source of infection
66
Q

Active

A

after recovery; animal or person possess particular organisms & transmit that organism to others after they have recovered from infection which it causes

67
Q

Passive

A
  • Typhoid Mary; animal or person posses particular organism & transmit to others even though they have never suffered from the infection which it causes
68
Q

Convalescent:

A

during recovery; animal or person posses organisms & transmit to others during recovery from infection which it causes

69
Q

Direct transmission:

A

animal to person or person to person

a. Physical contact - STD’s;
b. Droplet infection (aerosol): sneezing
c. Congenital: - rubella (german measles/3-day measles); placenta/afterbirth mother to child; STD-syphilis to child (congenital syphilis)

70
Q

Indirect transmission:

A

a. food: toe-mane food poison
b. milk: small intestinal TB called peyers patches
c. fomites: lifeless inanimate objects; instruments ie: trocar;
d. water: ecoli; chloroform bacteria
e. soil: tetanus;
f. vectors: insects

71
Q

Biological (vectors/insects):

A

blood suckers; not suffering from infection they carry; mosquitos - malaria

72
Q

Mechanical (vectors/insects):

A

don’t have organism inside blood stream but carry it on outside shell/body;

73
Q

Portals of entry & exit of pathogens

A
  1. Skin & mucous membranes-staph.
  2. Respiratory tract-TB, pneumonia
  3. Digestive tract-cholera, dysentery (bad intestine)
  4. Genito-urinary tract (GUT) - STD’s;
  5. Placenta - rubella (German measles)
74
Q

Vehicles of exit of pathogens

A
  1. Feces - dysentery, cholera (continuous release of poisonous substance)
  2. Urine - U.T. infections, STD’s; purulent (cloudy) appearance
  3. Semen
  4. Vaginal secretions - yeast infections
  5. Sputum (phlegm)
  6. Saliva - cytomegalovirus (CID); rabies virus most commonly transferred from man
  7. Blood - hepatitis A (infectious/virus) & B (caused by Dane particle, occupational); sepsis
  8. Pus & lesion exudates - skin abscesses, decubitus ulcers (bed sores)
  9. Tears
75
Q

Factors influencing the occurrence of an infection

A
  1. Portal of entry of the pathogens & elective localization (when organism such as one causing pneumonia choose to restrict itself to certain part of body)
  2. Number of organisms: the greater the number the higher the chance
  3. Virulence (likely hood) of the organisms
  4. Resistance of the host - infections reduce resistance; health or illness = N(V)/R [N=number V=virulence R=resistance]

Microbiology (7 decks)

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