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Microbiology Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial typical reproduction

A

binary fission (simple transverse division); an asexual means

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2
Q

Bacterial colony:

A

a visible growth of bacteria growing on a culture medium (nutrient broth, blood agar); Petri dish or test tube used to test - culture growing organisms

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3
Q

CONDITIONS AFFECTING BACTERIA GROWTH

A

Food requirements
Oxygen requirements
Moisture requirements
Temperature requirements

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4
Q

Autotrophic bacteria:

A

obtain their food from inorganic matter; manufacture its on carbon, any bacteria; food does not contain carbon

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5
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria:

A

obtain food from organic matter; all pathogens are so classified

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6
Q

Strict (obligate) saprophytes:

A

any organism that must obtain food from dead organic matter

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7
Q

Strict (obligate) parasites:

A

organism that must obtain food from living organic matter

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8
Q

Facultative (preferred conditions) bacteria:

A

organism that can obtain their food from either dead or living organic matter

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9
Q

Strict (obligate) aerobes:

A

organisms must have present of oxygen to live

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10
Q

Strict (obligate) anaerobes:

A

organisms must have absent of oxygen to live

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11
Q

Microaerophiles:

A

organisms that lives in present of oxygen but at a level required less for humans

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12
Q

Facultative bacteria:

A

organisms that can live in either the present or absence of oxygen; but prefers absence

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13
Q

pH:

A

percentage of H ion in solution; slightly alkaline for most pathogens

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14
Q

pH scale range from 0 (most acidic/sour taste) to 14 (most alkaline)

When tested Acidic shows red and Alkaline shows blue

A

range 0-7 acidic closer to 0 is darker red color

range 7-14 alkaline closer to 14 is darker blue color

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15
Q

7

A

neutral (water)

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16
Q

7.3 - 7.4

A

slightly alkaline (human body & blood)

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17
Q

10.5

A

moderately alkaline / alkaline basic (bitter taste)

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18
Q

13

A

highly alkaline (milk)

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19
Q

5

A

slightly acidic (pick up stiff body of rigamorrtis - but as embalming body it becomes more alkaline)

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20
Q

1

A

highly acidic (battery acid/HCl)

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21
Q

3.5

A

moderately acidic

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22
Q

minimum temperature:

A

lowest temperature that any organism can live

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23
Q

Maximum temperature:

A

highest temperature that any organism can live

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24
Q

Optimum temperature:

A

temperature which organism grow best

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25
Psychrophiles (cryophiles):
preferred temperature - organisms that grow best are cold temperature usually below 20 C
26
Mesophiles:
- most pathogens: organisms that grow best in medium temperature usually between 20 C & 40 C; human 37 C
27
Thermophiles:
organisms that thrive in hot temperatures usually above 40 C
28
Effect of light on bacterial growth
- UV light is bactericidal, located above violet on spectrum scale; will kill bacteria but not all m.o.'s
29
Osmotic pressure: diffusion through membranes
a. Isotonic b. Hypertonic c. Hypotonic
30
Isotonic:
the same: type of solution needed to study bacteria & red blood cells to ensure no change in size, shape & volume; pressure of inside is equal to pressure outside of cell
31
Hypertonic
- excess solute outside compared to solute inside cell; have more particles exiting cell ie: human drink sea water; excess solution compared to original solution
32
Plasmolysis
- bacteria; shrinkage of bacteria cells when placed in hypertonic solution
33
Crenation
- red blood cells; shrinkage of red blood cells cells when placed in hypertonic solution
34
Hypotonic
- less solute than normal compared to original solute; less solute outside than inside
35
Plas"mop"tysis:
more enter the cell than exit cell; (bursting/rupture) of bacteria cells when placed in hypotonic solution
36
Hemolysis
(bursting/rupture)- red blood cells in hypotonic solution
37
Bacterial associations
1. Symbiosis 2. Synergism 3. Antagonism
38
Symbiosis
- living together; m.o's living in close nutritional relationships, is required by one or both members, living together
39
Mutualism
- of benefit to all; relationship between 2 or more organism that is of benefit to all in the relationship
40
Commensalism
- of benefit to one, with no effect on the other; (e.g. normal flora living on skin no effect); relationship between 2 or more organism that is of benefit to one with no effect to the others
41
Parasitism
- of benefit to one, harmful to the other; relationship between 2 or more organism that is of benefit to one with harmful effect to the others (ie: rubella, viral infection makes us sick)
42
Synergism
- relationship between 2 or more m.o.'s which produces an effect, be it good or bad, not possible by each one alone
43
Antagonism
- a relationship between 2 or more m.o.'s in which the presence of one inhibits the growth of the other; mutual opposition or contrary action
44
Infection:
the entry, establishment and multiplication of pathogens within a host
45
Contamination:
the mere presence of infectious material, with no reaction produced
46
Pathogenicity:
the ability of an organism to cause an infection in man
47
Virulence:
relative power (likely hood) of an organism to cause infection
48
Attenuation:
a weakening in the virulence of an organ ie: flu shot
49
Indigenous flora:
organisms naturally living in or on a host
50
Drug fast:
resistant as in bacteria to the action of a drug or drugs
51
Factors influencing virulence (likely hood)
1. Toxin production: 2. Enzymes: 3. Capsules: 4. Endospores:
52
Toxin production:
Ability to produce poisonous substance
53
Exotoxins:
produced all the time & continuously release to outside environment; e.g. tetanus (nerotoxin), cholera
54
Endotoxins:
only released when cell producing it is destroyed; e.g. spinal meningitis
55
Enzymes:
organic catalysts; substances which speed up or accelerate the rate of chemical reaction without being used up/destroyed in the process e.g. salt in boiling water
56
Hyaluronidase (spreading factor):
breaks down hyaluronic acid
57
Coagulase:
clots plasma; causes liquid/plasma portion of non-clotted blood to form clot around bacteria
58
Fibrinolysin (streptokinase):
dissolves blood clots, especially if the clot caused MI
59
Capsule (slime layer):
located on outside of certain bacteria; protects cell from phagocytosis, thus enhancing "virulence" of m.o.
60
Endospore:
best means of protection any m.o. can possess; NOT a means of reproduction; only 1 per cell when formed; Bacillus & Clostridium only
61
Vegetative bacteria:
any bacteria that can never form endospores (does not have genus name Bacillus or Clostridium), or can produce endospores but currently not producing them
62
Sporulating bacteria:
any bacteria currently producing endospores; occurs under adverse living conditions (change in temp/ph, medication given)
63
Germinating bacteria:
when free endospore forms new vegetative cell when good living conditions return
64
Sources of infection
1. Animals or persons currently ill 2. Chronic animal or human carriers 3. Environment: air we breathe-urban vs rural
65
Animals or persons currently ill
- best source of infection
66
Active
after recovery; animal or person possess particular organisms & transmit that organism to others after they have recovered from infection which it causes
67
Passive
- Typhoid Mary; animal or person posses particular organism & transmit to others even though they have never suffered from the infection which it causes
68
Convalescent:
during recovery; animal or person posses organisms & transmit to others during recovery from infection which it causes
69
Direct transmission:
animal to person or person to person a. Physical contact - STD's; b. Droplet infection (aerosol): sneezing c. Congenital: - rubella (german measles/3-day measles); placenta/afterbirth mother to child; STD-syphilis to child (congenital syphilis)
70
Indirect transmission:
a. food: toe-mane food poison b. milk: small intestinal TB called peyers patches c. fomites: lifeless inanimate objects; instruments ie: trocar; d. water: ecoli; chloroform bacteria e. soil: tetanus; f. vectors: insects
71
Biological (vectors/insects):
blood suckers; not suffering from infection they carry; mosquitos - malaria
72
Mechanical (vectors/insects):
don't have organism inside blood stream but carry it on outside shell/body;
73
Portals of entry & exit of pathogens
1. Skin & mucous membranes-staph. 2. Respiratory tract-TB, pneumonia 3. Digestive tract-cholera, dysentery (bad intestine) 4. Genito-urinary tract (GUT) - STD's; 5. Placenta - rubella (German measles)
74
Vehicles of exit of pathogens
1. Feces - dysentery, cholera (continuous release of poisonous substance) 2. Urine - U.T. infections, STD's; purulent (cloudy) appearance 3. Semen 4. Vaginal secretions - yeast infections 5. Sputum (phlegm) 6. Saliva - cytomegalovirus (CID); rabies virus most commonly transferred from man 7. Blood - hepatitis A (infectious/virus) & B (caused by Dane particle, occupational); sepsis 8. Pus & lesion exudates - skin abscesses, decubitus ulcers (bed sores) 9. Tears
75
Factors influencing the occurrence of an infection
1. Portal of entry of the pathogens & elective localization (when organism such as one causing pneumonia choose to restrict itself to certain part of body) 2. Number of organisms: the greater the number the higher the chance 3. Virulence (likely hood) of the organisms 4. Resistance of the host - infections reduce resistance; health or illness = N(V)/R [N=number V=virulence R=resistance]

Microbiology (7 decks)

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