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Microbiology Chapters flashcards > Microbiology Chapter 2 P.1 Chemical Principles > Flashcards

Microbiology Chapter 2 P.1 Chemical Principles Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemistry

A

study of interactions between atoms and molecules

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2
Q

Atom

A

smallest unit of matter can’t be subdivided into small substances

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3
Q

Protons and Neutron makes up what

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

Electrons move around what

A

around the nucleus

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5
Q

Which atom has a negative charge

A

electron

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6
Q

Which atom has a positive charge

A

proton

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7
Q

Which atom has a neutral charge “0”

A

neutron

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8
Q

Atoms with the same number of protons are classified as the same….

A

chemical element

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9
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in nucleus

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10
Q

atomic mass

A

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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11
Q

Isotopes of Oxygen

A

16 Oxygen 17 Oxygen 18 Oxygen

8 8 8

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12
Q

What are electrons arranged in

A

electron shells

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13
Q

How are electrons arranged in electron shells

A

corresponding to different energy levels

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14
Q

2n^2 what is (n)

A

principal energy level

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15
Q

what does 2n^2 show

A

maximum occupancy per shell

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16
Q

valence

A

number of missing or extra electrons in outermost shell

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17
Q

how do atoms form molecules

A

by combining to fill their outermost shells

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18
Q

Why do molecules hold together

A

valence electrons of the combining atoms form attractive forces called chemical bonds between the atomic nuclei

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19
Q

chemical bonds

A

attractive forces

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20
Q

compound

A

molecule that contains two or more kinds of atoms

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21
Q

what is an example of a compound

A

water : 2 atoms of hydrogen one atom of oxygen

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22
Q

what are equal in an atom

A

number of protons and electrons

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23
Q

ions

A

charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

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24
Q

cations

A

atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged ions

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25
Q

anions

A

atoms that gain electrons and become negatively charged ions

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26
Q

ionic bonds

A

attraction between ions of opposite charge

one atom loses electrons and another gains

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27
Q

covalent bonds

A

form when 2 atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

are stronger and more common in organisms than ionic bonds

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28
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

form when hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atoms in attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule

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29
Q

molecular mass

A

sum of atomic mass in a molecule

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30
Q

one mole of a substance is its…

A

molecular mass in grams

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31
Q

what is the unit of molecular mass

A

dalton (da)

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32
Q

chemical reactions

A

involve the making or breaking of bonds between atoms

33
Q

a change in chemical energy occurs during what

A

chemical reaction

34
Q

exergonic reactions

A

reactions that release energy

35
Q

endergonic reactions

A

absorbs energy

36
Q

synthesis reactions

A

occur when atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form a new larger molecule

Atom, ion or + reactants B atom, ion or molecule = combine to form Product AB
molecule New molecule

37
Q

anabolism

A

synthesis of molecules in a cell

38
Q

decomposition reactions

A

occur when a molecule is split into smaller molecules, ions, or, atoms

Reactant
AB = A atom, ion, or molecule + productions B atom, ion, or molecule B

39
Q

catabolism

A

decomposition reactions in a cell

40
Q

exchange reactions

A

are part synthesis and part decompostion

41
Q

Example of exchange reaction

A

NAOH + HCL = NaCl + H2O

42
Q

reversibility of chemical reactions

A

can readily go either direction may need special condition

Reactants < ——> Product
A+B HEAT AB

43
Q

example of reversibility chemical reaction

A

NH4Cl (s) <—- NH3(g) + HCL (g)

—->

44
Q

What are the important biological molecules

A

organic and inorganic compounds

45
Q

organic compound

A

always contain carbon and hydrogen typically structurally complex

46
Q

inorganic compound

A

typically lack carbon, usually small and structurally simple

47
Q

inorganic compound

water

A

inorganic; polar molecule; solvent; hydrogen bonds

48
Q

polar molecule

A

unequal distribution of charges

49
Q

polar substances undergo what

A

dissociation in water forming solutes

50
Q

dissociation

A

one water molecule donates its proton to another water molecule

51
Q

solutes

A

component dissolved in the solvent

52
Q

hydrogen bonds absorb what

A

heat (temperature buffer)

53
Q

Process of how water acts as a solvent for sodium chloride (NaCl)

A

sodium chloride crystal —> A) sodium ion dissolved in water
B) chloride ion dissolved in water

54
Q

Acids

A

substances that dissociate into one more hydrogen ions (H+) and one or more negative ions
HCL—> H+ + Cl-

55
Q

Bases

A

Substances that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-) and one or more positive ions

NaOH —> Na+ + OH-

56
Q

Salts

A

substances that dissociate into cations, neither of which is H+ or OH-
NaCl—> Na+ + Cl-

57
Q

Acid Base Balance

A

concept of pH
PH= -log10 [H+]
increasing [H+] increases acidity
increasing [OH-] increases alkalinity

58
Q

pH

A

concentration of H+ in a solution

59
Q

most organisms grow best between which pH

A

pH 6.5 & 8.5

60
Q

PH scale

A

0 to 6 acidic solution
7 neutral pure water [H+]=[OH-]
8 to 14 is basic solution

61
Q

organic compounds commonly contain which elements

A

oxygen, and or nitrogen in addition to carbon

62
Q

the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule is what

A

carbon skeleton

63
Q

functional groups

A

bond to carbon skeletons and are responsible for most of the chemical properties of a particular organic compound

64
Q

example of a functional group

A

hydroxyl group of alcohols —> methanol, ethanol, isopropanol

65
Q

funct. group —> alcohol

biological importance?

A

lipids, carbohydrates

66
Q

functioning group- aldehyde biological importance?

A

biological importance: reducing sugars such as polysaccharides

67
Q

FG-Ketone BI?

A

BI: metabolic intermediates

68
Q

FG: Methyl BI?

A

BI:DNA, energy metabolism

69
Q

FG: Ester BI?

A

bacterial and eukaryotic plasma membranes

70
Q

FG: Ether BI?

A

archaeal plasma membranes

71
Q

FG: sulfhydryl bi?

A

energy metabolism protein structure

72
Q

FG: carboxyl bi?

A

organic acids

73
Q

FG: phosphate bi?

A

ATP; DNA

74
Q

what are the 10 functional groups

A

alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, methyl, amino, ester, ether, sulfhydryl, carboxyl, and phosphate

75
Q

in aldehyde molecule a C– double bond O is at the end of a molecule in contrast to …

A

the internal C– double bond O in a ketone

76
Q

small organic molecules can combine into large ….

A

macromolecules

77
Q

macromolecules

A

polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules

78
Q

monomers

A

small repeating molecules

79
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

R-OH+OH-R—>R-R+H2O

losing water

Microbiology Chapters flashcards (7 decks)

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