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Microbiology Chapters flashcards > Microbiology ch. 8 flashcards > Flashcards

Microbiology ch. 8 flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

study of inheritance

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2
Q

Genome

A

all genetic material in a cell

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3
Q

Gene

A

segment of DNA that encodes a function or a product

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4
Q

what are 2 examples of a gene

A

protein or promoter

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5
Q

Chromosome

A

tightly coiled DNA

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6
Q

what are the base pairs of DNA

A

A::T G:::C

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7
Q

what are the base pairs of RNA

A

A::U G:::C

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8
Q

Genetic Code

A

DNA sequence; universal and degenerate (redundant)

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9
Q

Genomics

A

science that studies genomes

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10
Q

Genotype

A

DNA sequence

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

observed genetic properties

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12
Q

What do nucleotides consist of

A

phosphate, sugar(ribose or deoxyribose) and nitrogen base

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13
Q

Is ribose sugar in DNA or RNA

A

RNA

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14
Q

Is deoxyribose in RNA or DNA

A

DNA

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15
Q

What are the names of the nitrogen bases

A

Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Thymine, and Cytosine

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16
Q

describe the nucleic acid structure

A

5’ end; 2 phosphodiester bonds; 3’ end

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17
Q

describe DNA

A

DNA helix– complementary but anti-parallel

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18
Q

Describe bacterial DNA

A

mostly single circular chromosome

attached to plasma membrane

DNA is supercoiled

Contains E. Coli genes

Extra-chromosomal bacterial DNA: Plasmid – 1.5% of chromosome size

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19
Q

What is extra-chromosomal bacterial DNA

A

PLASMID – 1.5% of chromosome size

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20
Q

Describe the process of DNA–>DNA

A

DNA polymerase (DNA replication)

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21
Q

Describe the process of DNA–RNA

A

RNA polymerase (Transcription)

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22
Q

What is an EXCEPTION to DNA–>RNA

A

RNA—>DNA (reverse transcriptase)

23
Q

What is the process of RNA –> Protein

A

Translation

24
Q

Describe the Flow of Genetic Information

A

DNA –> DNA

DNA–>RNA
Exception- RNA–>DNA

RNA–>Protein

25
Q

What is DNA the BLUEPRINT of

A

blueprint for a cell’s proteins and is obtained from a parent’s cell

26
Q

Describe DNA Replication

A

copying of DNA

DNA Polymerase initiated by RNA primer

bidirectional

origin of replication
leading strand : continuous DNA synthesis
lagging strand: discontinuous DNA synthesis –Okazi fragments

semiconservative

27
Q

Leading Strand vs Lagging Strand

A

Leading Strand: continuous DNA synthesis
Lagging Strand: discontinuous DNA synthesis

28
Q

Describe the process of Transcription

A

RNA synthesis from DNA template

RNA polymerase binds to DNA promoter

Proceeds in 5’ –> 3’ direction

stops when it reaches terminator sequence

29
Q

What are the processes involved in
DNA–>RNA–>Protein

A

Transcription and Translation

30
Q

What is the process of transcription in
DNA–> RNA–>Protein

A

Transcription
produces 3 types of RNA from DNA template
mRNA; tRNA; rRNA

Enzyme necessary-> RNA polymerase

Promoters and terminators–> transcription starts at the promoter sequences and transcription ends at terminator sequences from mRNA template

31
Q

Sense codons

A

triplet on mRNA; encodes AA

32
Q

Nonsense codons

A

triplet on mRNA terminates translations

33
Q

Anticodons

A

found on tRNA complementary to mRNA

34
Q

What is the process of Translation in
DNA–>RNA–>Protein

A

Translation produces protein from mRNA template

Sense codons- triplet on mRNA ; encodes AA

Nonsense codons triplet on mRNA terminates translations
Anticodons- found on tRNA complementary to mRNA

35
Q

During translation, nucleotide sequence of mRNA is translated into what..

A

mRNA is translated into amino acid sequence of protein using 3 letter words = codons

36
Q

Translation of mRNA begins where

A

begins at the start codon: AUG

37
Q

Translation of mRNA ends where

A

ends at the stop codon: UAA , UAG, UGA

38
Q

what does translation require

A

requires various accessory molecules and 3 major components Ribosomes, tRNA and mRNA

39
Q

what type of transcription and translation do prokaryotes have

A

simultaneous transcription and translation –> polyribosomes

40
Q

The translation process in protein synthesis needs what

A

ribosomes, tRNA, and mRNA

41
Q

a cell’s genetic machinery and its metabolic machinery are what

A

interconnected

42
Q

metabolic reactions are performed by what

A

enzymes

43
Q

what is constitutive expression

A

fixed rate; 60%-80% of genes

44
Q

what are the various points of mutations

A

silent, missense, nonsense, and readthrough

45
Q

mutation can have what type of characteristics

A

may be neutral(silent), beneficial, or harmful

46
Q

what is spontaneous mutation rate

A

10^-6 –> 1 mutation per million replicated genes

47
Q

mutagens increase mutation rate by

A

10–>1000x

48
Q

describe chemical mutagens

A

nucleoside (base) analogs have altered base-pairing properties.

They can be randomly incorporated into growing cells (canar drugs); only used by viral enzymes ex. AZT

49
Q

what are canar drugs and what uses them

A

altered base pairings that can be randomly incorporated into growing cells and can only be used by viral enzymes ex. AZT

50
Q

Examples of frameshift mutagens

A

intercalating agents ex. aflatoxin, ethidium, and bromide

51
Q

distortion due to intercalating agent Ethidium Bromide will lead to what

A

will lead to one or more base-pairs inserted or deleted during replication—> potent carcinogens

52
Q

Ionizing radiation

A

x-rays and y-rays forms ions and ionic radicals that cause deletion mutations (ds breaks)

UV rays lead to thymine– thymine dimers due to (intrastrand bonding)

photolyase

nucleotide excision repair

53
Q

photolyase

A

light repair enzymes (use energy from visible light to fix UV light damage

54
Q

nucleotide excision repair

A

Microbiology Chapters flashcards (7 decks)

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