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Microbiology Chapters flashcards > Microbiology ch. 8 flashcards > Flashcards

Microbiology ch. 8 flashcards

1
Q

Genetics

A

study of inheritance

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2
Q

Genome

A

all genetic material in a cell

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3
Q

Gene

A

segment of DNA that encodes a function or a product

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4
Q

what are 2 examples of a gene

A

protein or promoter

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5
Q

Chromosome

A

tightly coiled DNA

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6
Q

what are the base pairs of DNA

A

A::T G:::C

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7
Q

what are the base pairs of RNA

A

A::U G:::C

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8
Q

Genetic Code

A

DNA sequence; universal and degenerate (redundant)

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9
Q

Genomics

A

science that studies genomes

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10
Q

Genotype

A

DNA sequence

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11
Q

Phenotype

A

observed genetic properties

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12
Q

What do nucleotides consist of

A

phosphate, sugar(ribose or deoxyribose) and nitrogen base

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13
Q

Is ribose sugar in DNA or RNA

A

RNA

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14
Q

Is deoxyribose in RNA or DNA

A

DNA

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15
Q

What are the names of the nitrogen bases

A

Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Thymine, and Cytosine

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16
Q

describe the nucleic acid structure

A

5’ end; 2 phosphodiester bonds; 3’ end

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17
Q

describe DNA

A

DNA helix– complementary but anti-parallel

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18
Q

Describe bacterial DNA

A

mostly single circular chromosome

attached to plasma membrane

DNA is supercoiled

Contains E. Coli genes

Extra-chromosomal bacterial DNA: Plasmid – 1.5% of chromosome size

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19
Q

What is extra-chromosomal bacterial DNA

A

PLASMID – 1.5% of chromosome size

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20
Q

Describe the process of DNA–>DNA

A

DNA polymerase (DNA replication)

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21
Q

Describe the process of DNA–RNA

A

RNA polymerase (Transcription)

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22
Q

What is an EXCEPTION to DNA–>RNA

A

RNA—>DNA (reverse transcriptase)

23
Q

What is the process of RNA –> Protein

A

Translation

24
Q

Describe the Flow of Genetic Information

A

DNA –> DNA

DNA–>RNA
Exception- RNA–>DNA

RNA–>Protein

25
What is DNA the BLUEPRINT of
blueprint for a cell's proteins and is obtained from a parent's cell
26
Describe DNA Replication
copying of DNA DNA Polymerase initiated by RNA primer bidirectional origin of replication leading strand : continuous DNA synthesis lagging strand: discontinuous DNA synthesis --Okazi fragments semiconservative
27
Leading Strand vs Lagging Strand
Leading Strand: continuous DNA synthesis Lagging Strand: discontinuous DNA synthesis
28
Describe the process of Transcription
RNA synthesis from DNA template RNA polymerase binds to DNA promoter Proceeds in 5' --> 3' direction stops when it reaches terminator sequence
29
What are the processes involved in DNA-->RNA-->Protein
Transcription and Translation
30
What is the process of transcription in DNA--> RNA-->Protein
Transcription produces 3 types of RNA from DNA template mRNA; tRNA; rRNA Enzyme necessary-> RNA polymerase Promoters and terminators--> transcription starts at the promoter sequences and transcription ends at terminator sequences from mRNA template
31
Sense codons
triplet on mRNA; encodes AA
32
Nonsense codons
triplet on mRNA terminates translations
33
Anticodons
found on tRNA complementary to mRNA
34
What is the process of Translation in DNA-->RNA-->Protein
Translation produces protein from mRNA template Sense codons- triplet on mRNA ; encodes AA Nonsense codons triplet on mRNA terminates translations Anticodons- found on tRNA complementary to mRNA
35
During translation, nucleotide sequence of mRNA is translated into what..
mRNA is translated into amino acid sequence of protein using 3 letter words = codons
36
Translation of mRNA begins where
begins at the start codon: AUG
37
Translation of mRNA ends where
ends at the stop codon: UAA , UAG, UGA
38
what does translation require
requires various accessory molecules and 3 major components Ribosomes, tRNA and mRNA
39
what type of transcription and translation do prokaryotes have
simultaneous transcription and translation --> polyribosomes
40
The translation process in protein synthesis needs what
ribosomes, tRNA, and mRNA
41
a cell's genetic machinery and its metabolic machinery are what
interconnected
42
metabolic reactions are performed by what
enzymes
43
what is constitutive expression
fixed rate; 60%-80% of genes
44
what are the various points of mutations
silent, missense, nonsense, and readthrough
45
mutation can have what type of characteristics
may be neutral(silent), beneficial, or harmful
46
what is spontaneous mutation rate
10^-6 --> 1 mutation per million replicated genes
47
mutagens increase mutation rate by
10-->1000x
48
describe chemical mutagens
nucleoside (base) analogs have altered base-pairing properties. They can be randomly incorporated into growing cells (canar drugs); only used by viral enzymes ex. AZT
49
what are canar drugs and what uses them
altered base pairings that can be randomly incorporated into growing cells and can only be used by viral enzymes ex. AZT
50
Examples of frameshift mutagens
intercalating agents ex. aflatoxin, ethidium, and bromide
51
distortion due to intercalating agent Ethidium Bromide will lead to what
will lead to one or more base-pairs inserted or deleted during replication---> potent carcinogens
52
Ionizing radiation
x-rays and y-rays forms ions and ionic radicals that cause deletion mutations (ds breaks) UV rays lead to thymine-- thymine dimers due to (intrastrand bonding) photolyase nucleotide excision repair
53
photolyase
light repair enzymes (use energy from visible light to fix UV light damage
54
nucleotide excision repair

Microbiology Chapters flashcards (7 decks)

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