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Microbiology Chapters flashcards > Microbiology Ch.4 (Prokaryotic Cell) Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Microbiology Ch.4 (Prokaryotic Cell) Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 2 types of living cells

A

eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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2
Q

what are the different types of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and Archea

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3
Q

What are the different types of eukaryotes

A

animal
plant
fungi(yeasts/molds)
protozoa
algae

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4
Q

describe viruses

A

noncellular elements that don’t fit into any organizational scheme of living cells

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5
Q

describe the word “prokaryotic”

A

comes from Greek word for pre-nucleus (not real nucleus)

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6
Q

describe the word “eukaryote”

A

comes from Greek word for true nucleus (hold genetic material)

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7
Q

describe prokaryote

A

one circular chromosome not in membrane
no histones
no organelles
peptidoglycan cell wall– if bacteria
pseudomurein cell walls — if archae
binary fission

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8
Q

describe eukaryote

A

paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane
histones
organelles
polysaccharide cell walls
mitotic spindle

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9
Q

describe the shape of prokaryotic cells

A

average size of 0.2-1.0um x 2-8um
most bacteria are monomorphic
few are pleomorphic

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10
Q

basic shapes of prokaryotic cells

A

bacillus(rod shaped)
coccus (spherical)
spiral —spirillum, vibrio, spirochete

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11
Q

what are the different arrangements of prokaryotic cells

A

pairs, clusters, and chains

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12
Q

describe “pairs” arrangement and give example

A

Pairs—Diplococci
ex. Streptococcus pneumoniae & Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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13
Q

describe clusters arrangement and give example

A

clusters—-staphylococci
ex. S. aureus

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14
Q

describe arrangement of “chains” and give an example

A

chains— streptococci
ex. streptococcus pyogenes

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15
Q

describe tetrad

A

cocci are arranged in packets of 4 cells divided in 2 planes
pediococcus (salt tolerance) and tetragenococcus

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16
Q

describe Sarcinae

A

cocci are arranged in cuboidal manner and divide in 3 planes and remain in groups cube like group 8
ex. Sarcinae ureae

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17
Q

describe Bacilli

A

(plural) — single rod: bacillus cereus

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18
Q

describe diplobacilli

A

klebsiella rhinoscleromatis—UTI
2 rods

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19
Q

describe streptobacilli

A

bacilli are arranged in chains as the cells divide in one plane
ex. streptobacillus moniliformis— rat bite fever

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20
Q

describe coccobacillus

A

short and stumpy that they appear ovoid
they look like coccus and bacillus
ex. Haemophilus influenzae and Gardnerella vaginalis

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21
Q

describe palisade

A

bacilli bend at the points of division following the cell divisions resulting in a palisade arrangement

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22
Q

what does palisade resemble

A

it resembles a picket fence (wall) and angular patters that look like Chinese letters
ex. Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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23
Q

describe vibrio

A

comma-shaped bacteria with less than one complete tum or trust in the cell
ex. Vibrio cholerae

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24
Q

describe spirilla

A

rigid spiral structure
spirillum with many turns can superficially resemble spirochetes
they don’t have outer sheath and endoflagella but have typical bacterial flagella
ex. Helicobacter pylori

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25
Q

describe spirochetes

A

helical shape and flexible bodies
move by means of axial filaments
ex. Treponema pallidum
ex. syphilis

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26
Q

axial filaments

A

also called endoflagella
in spirochetes
anchored at one end of a cell beneath an outer sheath and wrap in spiral fashion around the cell
rotation causes cell to movie in a corkscrew manner

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27
Q

describe unusually shaped Bacteria: Stella

A

flat
six-pronged
star-shaped bacteria
found in various environments
ex. freshwater, soil. sewage

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28
Q

describe unusually shaped bacteria Haloarcula spp.
(H. vallismortis; H. marismortui

A

found in neutral saline environments such as salt lakes, marine salt terms and saline soils
rectangular bacteria

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29
Q

Pleomorphic Bacteria

A

don’t have characteristic shape unlike others; they can change their shape
in pure cultures it can be observed to have different shapes
ex. M. genitalium —- sexually transmitted and can cause inflammation of the urinary and genital tracts in men and women

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30
Q

what does the structure of prokaryotic cells contain

A

pilus
infusion
capsule
cell wall
plasma membrane
fimbriae
ribosome
cytoplasm
nucleoid containing DNA
plasmid
flagella

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31
Q

glycocalyx

A

outside cell wall usually sticky
slime layer— unorganized and loose

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32
Q

what is the capsule description of glycocalyx

A

neatly organized and tightly attached
extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach
ex. Streptococcus pneumonia; Bacillus anthracis

33
Q

flagella

A

outside cell
made of chains of flagellin
attached to a protein hook
anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body

34
Q

what are the Parts & Attachments of (flagella) gram positive

A

gram-positive
flagellum
filament
cell wall
hook
basal body
peptidoglycan
plasma membrane
cytoplasm

35
Q

What are the parts and attachments of (flagellum) gram negative

A

cell wall, basal body, flagellum, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, outer membrane, and peptidoglycan

36
Q

What are the arrangements of bacterial flagella

A

paritrichous, monotrichous and polar; lophotrichious and polar; amphitrichous and polar

37
Q

motile cells

A

rotate flagella to run or tumble
move toward and away from stimuli (taxis) and stimulus
ex. chemicals (chemotaxis); light (phototaxis)

38
Q

what are flagella proteins

A

hantigens
ex. E. coli 0157:H7 (food poisoning) –
antigens on the body of the bacteria are called somatic antigens or just O antigens

39
Q

fimbriae

A

filamentous appendages that are shorter straighter and more numerous than flagella
found mostly in gram negative bacteria
used for attachment (mucus membrane) not motility
consist of protein pilin

40
Q

Pili

A

hair-like projections of the cell protein (pilin)
longer than fimbriae
only 1 or 2 per cell
facilitate transfer of DNA from once cell to another
ex. sexual conjugation (sex pill)
adhesion to host epithelium
it can be antiphagocytic
movement— gliding motility; twitching motility

41
Q

Cell Wall

A

semirigid structure
prevent osmatic lysis
made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria)
polymer of disaccharide
ex. N- acetylglucosamine amine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
muramic acid
d-amino acids
diaminopimelic acid— not synthesized by mammals

42
Q

peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria

A

linked by polypeptides

43
Q

what is the process taking place in the gram positive cell wall

A

teichoic acids
lipoteichoic acids link to plasma membrane
wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan
may regulate movement of cations
polysaccharides provide antigenic variation

44
Q

what is the process taking place in the gram negative cell wall

A

thin peptidoglycan
outer membrane
periplasmic space

45
Q

gram negative outer membrane

A

lipopolysaccharides; lipoproteins, phospholipids
forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane

protected from phagocytes, complement, and antibiotics
O polysaccharide antigen ex. E. coli 0157 H7
lipid A is an endotoxin
porins (proteins) form channels through membrane

46
Q

gram positive cell wall

A

2-ring basal body
disrupted by lysozyme
penicillin sensitive

47
Q

gram negative cell wall

A

4-ring basal body
endotoxin
tetracycline sensitive

48
Q

atypical cell walls

A

acid-fast cell walls
like gram positive
waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
Mycobacterium and Nocardia

49
Q

mycoplasmas

A

lack cell walls
steroids in in plasma membrane

50
Q

archaebacteria

A

constitutes a domain of single-celled organisms
lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotes
may be responsible for some diseases with no known causes such as Chron’s disease, arthritis, lupus, and gingivitis

don’t have peptidoglycan in their walls
walls of pseudomurein lack NAM and D-amino acids

51
Q

Damage to the cell

A

lysozyme enzyme found in tears, mucus, saliva
digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan of many Gram positive bacteria
penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan
protoplast— bacterium has lost its cell wall and surrounded only by plasma membrane —derived from gram-positive
spheroplast cell wall only partially removed and are gram negative
both are sensitive to rupture by osmotic layers

52
Q

plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer
peripheral proteins
integral proteins
transmembrane proteins
damage to membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents

53
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

membrane is as vicious as olive oil
proteins move to function
phospholipids rotate and move laterally

oxidative phosphorylation occurs at cell membrane since there are no mitochondria
houses many biosynthetic enzymes for metabolic reactions such as nutrient breakdown, energy (ATP) and photosynthesis

54
Q

cytoplasmic membrane

A

selective permeability
extracellular fluid , inside of cell, membrane protein, bilayer membrane

55
Q

plasma membrane

A

selective permeability allows passage of some molecules
chromoplasts or thylakoids
contain pigments for bacterial biosynthesis are found in a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, and reptiles

56
Q

movement of materials across membrane

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusions, active transport,— through lipid layer and aquaporins (water channels) osmosis and osmotic pressure

57
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

58
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

solute combines with a transporter protein (permease) in the membrane

59
Q

active transport

A

materials move from areas of low to high concentration by transporter proteins and the cell must expand
requires a transporter protein and ATP

60
Q

osmosis

A

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration

61
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

62
Q

principles of osmosis

A

isotonic solution
hyprotic solution
hypertonic solution

63
Q

isotonic solution

A

no net movement of water equal solute concentration on both sides

64
Q

hyprotic solution

A

water moves into cell wall
if cell wall is strong it contains the swelling
if cell wall is weak or damaged the cell bursts (osmotic lysis)

65
Q

hypertonic solution

A

water moves out cell causing its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)

66
Q

cytoplasm

A

matric inside the plasma membrane
80% water
contains inclusions, ribosomes, vacuoles, and nuclear are primary sites for biosynthesis

67
Q

nuclear are/nucleoid

A

bacterial chromosome– bacterial genome
all information needed to make and reproduce a bacterial cell of a species
all essential information of that species
circular double stranded DNA
bacterial cell may have more than one chromosome but these are duplicates and only one is needed

68
Q

prokaryotic ribosome

A

protein synthesis
70S+30S subunits

30S 50S 50S 30S
small subunit + large subunit –> complete (70S) ribosomes

69
Q

selective toxicity

A

some antibiotics are aimed at the 70S ribosomes of bacterial cells
streptomycin, neomycin, erythromycin and tetracycline
work by inhibiting protein synthesis by disrupting the 70S ribosome

70
Q

inclusions

A

metachromatic granules (volutin)—> phosphate reserves
polysaccharide granules (glycogen, starch)—> energy reserves glycogen; starch

lipid inclusions & sulfur granules—> energy reserves
carboxysomes–> ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for—> gas vacuoles
magnetic (force into alignment –> magnetosomes

71
Q

Plasmids

A

small circular, extra chromosomal of DNA
5-100 genes
code for auxiliary metabolic functions
—antibiotic resistance — penicillinase
production of toxins — E.coli 0157H
these are transferred very easily through conjugation
replicate autonomously

72
Q

endospores

A

resting cells
dormant cells– not metabolically active
produced when starved
resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, lack of water
contain calcium dipicolinate
vegetative bacterial cells are killed at temps above 70C (160F)
can survive boiling water for several hours even up to 20hrs

sporulation– endospore formation
germination— return to vegetative state

73
Q

sporulation

A

endospore formation

74
Q

germination

A

return to vegetative state

75
Q

how do endospores remain under periods of environmental stress

A

remain viable for weeks, months, years

76
Q

thermoactinomyces vulgaris

A

spores found in Minnesota that were 7,500 yrs old and still germinated

77
Q

endospores are only found in what kind of bacteria

A

gram positive bacteria
bacillus cereus
bacillus anthracis
clostridium
clostridium tetani
clostridium botulinum
clostridium perfringens

78
Q

formation of endospores by sporulation

A

1)spore septum begins to isolate newly replicated dna and a small portion of cytoplasm
2)plasma membrane starts to surround dna , cytoplasm, and membrane isolated in step 1
3)spore surrounds isolated portion forming forespore
4)peptidoglycan layer forms between membranes
5)spore coats forms
6)endospore is freed from cell

79
Q

spore

A

Schaeffer Fulton stain
modified gram positive bacteria cell
unusual cell envelope
cell membrane
outer membrane

Microbiology Chapters flashcards (7 decks)

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