Microbiology Ch.4 (Prokaryotic Cell) Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

Question

describe spirochetes

Answer 1

helical shape and flexible bodies move by means of axial filaments ex. Treponema pallidum ex. syphilis

Answer 2

also called endoflagella in spirochetes anchored at one end of a cell beneath an outer sheath and wrap in spiral fashion around the cell rotation causes cell to movie in a corkscrew manner

Answer 3

flat six-pronged star-shaped bacteria found in various environments ex. freshwater, soil. sewage

Answer 4

found in neutral saline environments such as salt lakes, marine salt terms and saline soils rectangular bacteria

Answer 5

don't have characteristic shape unlike others; they can change their shape in pure cultures it can be observed to have different shapes ex. M. genitalium ---- sexually transmitted and can cause inflammation of the urinary and genital tracts in men and women

Answer 6

pilus infusion capsule cell wall plasma membrane fimbriae ribosome cytoplasm nucleoid containing DNA plasmid flagella

Answer 7

outside cell wall usually sticky slime layer--- unorganized and loose

Answer 8

neatly organized and tightly attached extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach ex. Streptococcus pneumonia; Bacillus anthracis

Answer 9

outside cell made of chains of flagellin attached to a protein hook anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body

Answer 10

gram-positive flagellum filament cell wall hook basal body peptidoglycan plasma membrane cytoplasm

Answer 11

cell wall, basal body, flagellum, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, outer membrane, and peptidoglycan

Answer 12

paritrichous, monotrichous and polar; lophotrichious and polar; amphitrichous and polar

Answer 13

rotate flagella to run or tumble move toward and away from stimuli (taxis) and stimulus ex. chemicals (chemotaxis); light (phototaxis)

Answer 14

hantigens ex. E. coli 0157:H7 (food poisoning) -- antigens on the body of the bacteria are called somatic antigens or just O antigens

Answer 15

filamentous appendages that are shorter straighter and more numerous than flagella found mostly in gram negative bacteria used for attachment (mucus membrane) not motility consist of protein pilin

Answer 16

hair-like projections of the cell protein (pilin) longer than fimbriae only 1 or 2 per cell facilitate transfer of DNA from once cell to another ex. sexual conjugation (sex pill) adhesion to host epithelium it can be antiphagocytic movement--- gliding motility; twitching motility

Answer 17

semirigid structure prevent osmatic lysis made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria) polymer of disaccharide ex. N- acetylglucosamine amine (NAG) N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) muramic acid d-amino acids diaminopimelic acid--- not synthesized by mammals

Answer 18

linked by polypeptides

Answer 19

teichoic acids lipoteichoic acids link to plasma membrane wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan may regulate movement of cations polysaccharides provide antigenic variation

Answer 20

thin peptidoglycan outer membrane periplasmic space

Answer 21

lipopolysaccharides; lipoproteins, phospholipids forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane protected from phagocytes, complement, and antibiotics O polysaccharide antigen ex. E. coli 0157 H7 lipid A is an endotoxin porins (proteins) form channels through membrane

Answer 22

2-ring basal body disrupted by lysozyme penicillin sensitive

Answer 23

4-ring basal body endotoxin tetracycline sensitive

Answer 24

acid-fast cell walls like gram positive waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan Mycobacterium and Nocardia

Answer 25

lack cell walls steroids in in plasma membrane

Answer 26

constitutes a domain of single-celled organisms lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotes may be responsible for some diseases with no known causes such as Chron's disease, arthritis, lupus, and gingivitis don't have peptidoglycan in their walls walls of pseudomurein lack NAM and D-amino acids

Answer 27

lysozyme enzyme found in tears, mucus, saliva digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan of many Gram positive bacteria penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan protoplast--- bacterium has lost its cell wall and surrounded only by plasma membrane ---derived from gram-positive spheroplast cell wall only partially removed and are gram negative both are sensitive to rupture by osmotic layers

Answer 28

phospholipid bilayer peripheral proteins integral proteins transmembrane proteins damage to membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents

Answer 29

membrane is as vicious as olive oil proteins move to function phospholipids rotate and move laterally oxidative phosphorylation occurs at cell membrane since there are no mitochondria houses many biosynthetic enzymes for metabolic reactions such as nutrient breakdown, energy (ATP) and photosynthesis

Answer 30

selective permeability extracellular fluid , inside of cell, membrane protein, bilayer membrane

Answer 31

selective permeability allows passage of some molecules chromoplasts or thylakoids contain pigments for bacterial biosynthesis are found in a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, and reptiles

Answer 32

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusions, active transport,--- through lipid layer and aquaporins (water channels) osmosis and osmotic pressure

Answer 33

movement of solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Answer 34

solute combines with a transporter protein (permease) in the membrane

Answer 35

materials move from areas of low to high concentration by transporter proteins and the cell must expand requires a transporter protein and ATP

Answer 36

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration

Answer 37

pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

Answer 38

isotonic solution hyprotic solution hypertonic solution

Answer 39

no net movement of water equal solute concentration on both sides

Answer 40

water moves into cell wall if cell wall is strong it contains the swelling if cell wall is weak or damaged the cell bursts (osmotic lysis)

Answer 41

water moves out cell causing its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis)

Answer 42

matric inside the plasma membrane 80% water contains inclusions, ribosomes, vacuoles, and nuclear are primary sites for biosynthesis

Answer 43

bacterial chromosome-- bacterial genome all information needed to make and reproduce a bacterial cell of a species all essential information of that species circular double stranded DNA bacterial cell may have more than one chromosome but these are duplicates and only one is needed

Answer 44

protein synthesis 70S+30S subunits 30S 50S 50S 30S small subunit + large subunit --> complete (70S) ribosomes

Answer 45

some antibiotics are aimed at the 70S ribosomes of bacterial cells streptomycin, neomycin, erythromycin and tetracycline work by inhibiting protein synthesis by disrupting the 70S ribosome

Answer 46

metachromatic granules (volutin)---> phosphate reserves polysaccharide granules (glycogen, starch)---> energy reserves glycogen; starch lipid inclusions & sulfur granules---> energy reserves carboxysomes--> ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase for---> gas vacuoles magnetic (force into alignment --> magnetosomes

Answer 47

small circular, extra chromosomal of DNA 5-100 genes code for auxiliary metabolic functions ---antibiotic resistance --- penicillinase production of toxins --- E.coli 0157H these are transferred very easily through conjugation replicate autonomously

Answer 48

resting cells dormant cells-- not metabolically active produced when starved resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, lack of water contain calcium dipicolinate vegetative bacterial cells are killed at temps above 70C (160F) can survive boiling water for several hours even up to 20hrs sporulation-- endospore formation germination--- return to vegetative state

Answer 49

endospore formation

Answer 50

return to vegetative state

Answer 51

remain viable for weeks, months, years

Answer 52

spores found in Minnesota that were 7,500 yrs old and still germinated

Answer 53

gram positive bacteria bacillus cereus bacillus anthracis clostridium clostridium tetani clostridium botulinum clostridium perfringens

Answer 54

1)spore septum begins to isolate newly replicated dna and a small portion of cytoplasm 2)plasma membrane starts to surround dna , cytoplasm, and membrane isolated in step 1 3)spore surrounds isolated portion forming forespore 4)peptidoglycan layer forms between membranes 5)spore coats forms 6)endospore is freed from cell

Answer 55

Schaeffer Fulton stain modified gram positive bacteria cell unusual cell envelope cell membrane outer membrane