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Microbiology Chapters flashcards > Microbiology Chapter 1 Microbes in Our Lives Flashcards > Flashcards

Microbiology Chapter 1 Microbes in Our Lives Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiology

A

study of microorganisms

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2
Q

microorganisms/microbes

A

organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

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3
Q

Germ

A

refers to a rapidly growing cell-germinate

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4
Q

Pathogen

A

disease causing organisms

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5
Q

Microbes in the environment

A

producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis

decompose and reuse organic waste

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6
Q

Microbes in commercial use

A

produce fermented foods such as vinegar cheese bread and wine

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7
Q

Microbes in manufacturing

A

produce cellulose

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8
Q

microbes in industrial use

A

produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone

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9
Q

microbes in treatment

A

produce insulin and antibiotics

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10
Q

Microbes in our Lives

A

few are pathogenic majority maintain the balance of life

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11
Q

What is the largest group of organisms on earth

A

microbes are the largest group of organisms on earth

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12
Q

Why is it important to study microbiology

A

produce food and prevent food spoilage
prevent and treat infection diseases
understand the causes and transmissions of disease to prevent epidemics and pandemics

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13
Q

Why is the covid-19 pandemic happening

A

lack of knowledge

many know about DNA and inherited diseases but few know about the causes and transmission of infection diseases

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14
Q

Microbiome

A

a group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body
help to maintain good health
can prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
may help train the immune system to discriminate pathogenic microbes

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15
Q

How many body cells is the adult human body composed of

A

30 trillion

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16
Q

How many bacterial cells are in the adult human body

A

40 trillion

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17
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

established the system of scientific nomenclature in 1735

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18
Q

When did Carolus Linnaeus establish the scientific nomenclature

A

1735

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19
Q

How are organisms named and classified

A

it has 2 names the genus and the specific epithet

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20
Q

Scientific Names

A

are italicized or underlined
the genus is capitalized; the specific epithet is lowercase
are latinized and used worldwide
may be descriptive or honor a scientist

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21
Q

Escherichia coli

A 
genus (Escherichia) honors discoverer of bacteria Theodor Escherich 
specific epithet (coli) describes the bacterium's habitat the large intestine or colon 
Abbreviation E. coli
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22
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

genus describes the clustered (staphylo) spherical (coccus) cells
epithet describes the gold-colored colonies (aureus)
Abbreviation S. aureus
found on skin

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23
Q

What are the types of microorganisms

A 
bacteria 
archaea 
fungi
protozoa 
algae 
viruses 
multicellular animal parasites
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24
Q

Who observed the first microbes

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek “animalcules” viewed through magnifying lenses

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25
When were the first microbes observed
1623-1673
26
Robert Hooke
improved the microscope and reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells
27
When did Robert Hooke improve the microscope
1665
28
Cell Theory
all living things are composed of cells
29
What were the two major hypothesis of how microbes arise
spontaneous generation and biogenesis
30
Biogenesis
living cells arise only from preexisting living cells
31
Rudolf Virchow
related to biogenesis
32
When was Rudolf Virchow biogenesis
1858
33
Who was involved in the debate over spontaneous generation
John Needham and Lazzaro Spallanzani
34
John Needham experiment
put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks | results microbial growth
35
When was John Needham experiement
1745
36
Lazzaro Spallanzani experiment
boiled nutrient solutions in sealed flasks | results no microbial growth
37
When was Lazzaro Spallanzani experiement
1765
38
What did scientists speculate after Needham and Spallanzani experiment
air is necessary for life
39
Who came up with biogenesis hypothesis
Rudolf Virchow
40
When was Louis Pasteur biogenesis experiment
1861
41
What was Pasteur biogenesis experiment
Pasteur poured beef broth into a necked flask (microorganisms were present in broth next he heated the neck of flask and bent into an s-shape then boiled the broth for several minutes microorganisms weren't present in broth microorganisms did not appear in cooled solution even after long periods used s-shaped flasks to keep microbes out but let air in broth in flasks were boiled and showed no signs of life neck of flask traps microbes microorganisms originate in air or fluids not by mystical forces
42
What did Pasteur biogenesis experiment demonstrate
microorganisms are present in nonliving matter such as air, liquids, and solids; demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
43
What are the key concepts of Pasteur's biogenesis experiment
microbes are responsible for food spoilage leading researches to make the connection between microbes and disease experiments and observations provide the basis of aseptic techniques which are used to prevent microbial contamination
44
When was the first golden age of microbiology
1857-1911
45
What new techniques and theories were a part of the first golden age
fermentation pasteurization germ theory of disease koch's postulates and vaccination
46
What did Pasteur show in the first golden age
microbes are responsible for fermentation
47
microbial growth is also responsible for what
spoilage of food and beverages
48
how does bacteria spoil wine
turns wine into vinegar (acetic acid)
49
what did Pasteur demonstrate with pasteurization
spoilage of bacteria could be killed by heat that wasn't hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine
50
Pasteurization
the application of a mild heat that is usually less than 100C (212F) for a short time (1min) or longer time (30min) at low temperature (63C-145F) to kill harmful bacteria in beverage
51
When did Bassi and Pasteur show that silkworm was caused by fungus and protozoan
1835-1865
52
Dr. Semmelweis
advocated for handwashing to prevent the transmission of puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another
53
When did Dr. Semmelweis advocate for handwashing
1840s
54
Joseph Lister
developed germ theory of disease studied Pasteur work showing that microbes in the air could spoil food and caused animal diseases; suggested that microbes caused by surgical wound infection and used a chemical antiseptic (phenol) to prevent surgical wound infections indirect evidence that microbes caused human disease
55
when did joseph lister develop germ theory
1860s
56
Germ Theory of Disease
accepted scientific theory that microorganisms pathogens and germs can lead to disease
57
Germ Theory Koch's Postulates
demonstrated that a specific microbe causes a certain disease
58
Who developed Koch's Postulate
Robert Koch
59
When was the first proof that bacteria causes disease in humans
1876
60
Vaccination
derived from word vacca meaning cow
61
What is the protection from diseases called
immunity
62
when was vaccination developed
before scientists knew why it works
63
Edward Jenner
inoculated 8yr old boy with scraping from cowpox blisters (cowpox virus) who was then immune to smallpox for whole life
64
When did Edward Jenner inoculate 8yr old boy
1796
65
When was the second golden age of microbiology
1911-1980
66
2nd golden age (dream of magic bullet ) new discoveries
chemotherapy synthetic drugs antibiotics new branches of microbiology
67
what happened after establishing germ theory and lister's antiseptic treatment
hypothesis of chemotherapy
68
what are the chemotherapeutic agents that are used to treat infectious disease
synthetic drugs or antibiotics
69
antibiotics
derived from microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria
70
what were the first synthetic drugs
quinine and salvarsan
71
Quinine
came from tree bark used to treat malaria
72
Paul Ehrlich
med student that speculated about magic bullet developed synthetic arsenic drug salvarsan to treat syphilis
73
magic bullet
could destroy all pathogens without harming host
74
when did Ehrlich develop salvarsan
1910
75
when were sulfonamides synthesized
1930s
76
what was the fortunate accident
antibiotics (accident )
77
Alexander Fleming
discovered the first antibiotic by accident | observed that penicillium fungus made antibiotic penicillin that killed S. aureus
78
When was the first antibiotic discovered
1928
79
when was penicillin tested clinically and mass-produced
1940s
80
new branches of microbiology
``` bacteriology mycology parasitology virology immunology ```
81
bacteriology
study of bacteria
82
mycology
study of fungi
83
Parasitology
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
84
virology
study of viruses
85
immunology
study of host's response to infection
86
when was the third golden age of microbiology (genetics era) sequencing genome and manipulating genome information
1990-current
87
microbial genetics
study of how microbes inherit traits
88
molecular biology
study of how dna directs protein synthesis
89
genomics
study of an organisms genes has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms
90
recombinant dna
dna made from two different sources
91
paul berg
inserted animal dna into bacterial dna and the bacteria produced an animal protein
92
when did paul berg insert animal dna into bacterial dna
1960s
93
biotechnology
use of microbes for practical applications such as foods and chemicals
94
recombinant dna technology
enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins vaccines and enzymes
95
gene therapy
replacement of a defective gene in human cells
96
what is genetically modified bacteria used for
protect crops from insects and from freezing
97
emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
new diseases increasing in incidence
98
zika virus
epidemics in Micronesia 2007 in french Polynesia and brazil in 2013-2015
99
middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)- coronavirus
1,800 confirmed human cases and 630 deaths since 2014
100
H1N1 influenza (swine flu)
declared a pandemic by WHO in 2009
101
ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) ebola virus
2014-2016 outbreak in Guinea over 28,000 infected 11,310 deaths
102
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) HIV-1virus
38 million in the world were living with HIV at the end of 2018
103
covid-19 pandemic
about 600 million infections worldwide about 65 million deaths across the world more than 1 million deaths in the U.S more than 12 trillion vaccine doses were administered across the world

Microbiology Chapters flashcards (7 decks)

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