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Microbiology Chapters flashcards > Microbiology Chapter 1 Microbes in Our Lives Flashcards > Flashcards

Microbiology Chapter 1 Microbes in Our Lives Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiology

A

study of microorganisms

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2
Q

microorganisms/microbes

A

organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

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3
Q

Germ

A

refers to a rapidly growing cell-germinate

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4
Q

Pathogen

A

disease causing organisms

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5
Q

Microbes in the environment

A

producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis

decompose and reuse organic waste

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6
Q

Microbes in commercial use

A

produce fermented foods such as vinegar cheese bread and wine

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7
Q

Microbes in manufacturing

A

produce cellulose

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8
Q

microbes in industrial use

A

produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone

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9
Q

microbes in treatment

A

produce insulin and antibiotics

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10
Q

Microbes in our Lives

A

few are pathogenic majority maintain the balance of life

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11
Q

What is the largest group of organisms on earth

A

microbes are the largest group of organisms on earth

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12
Q

Why is it important to study microbiology

A

produce food and prevent food spoilage
prevent and treat infection diseases
understand the causes and transmissions of disease to prevent epidemics and pandemics

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13
Q

Why is the covid-19 pandemic happening

A

lack of knowledge

many know about DNA and inherited diseases but few know about the causes and transmission of infection diseases

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14
Q

Microbiome

A

a group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body
help to maintain good health
can prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
may help train the immune system to discriminate pathogenic microbes

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15
Q

How many body cells is the adult human body composed of

A

30 trillion

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16
Q

How many bacterial cells are in the adult human body

A

40 trillion

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17
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

established the system of scientific nomenclature in 1735

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18
Q

When did Carolus Linnaeus establish the scientific nomenclature

A

1735

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19
Q

How are organisms named and classified

A

it has 2 names the genus and the specific epithet

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20
Q

Scientific Names

A

are italicized or underlined
the genus is capitalized; the specific epithet is lowercase
are latinized and used worldwide
may be descriptive or honor a scientist

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21
Q

Escherichia coli

A 
genus (Escherichia) honors discoverer of bacteria Theodor Escherich 
specific epithet (coli) describes the bacterium's habitat the large intestine or colon 
Abbreviation E. coli
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22
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

genus describes the clustered (staphylo) spherical (coccus) cells
epithet describes the gold-colored colonies (aureus)
Abbreviation S. aureus
found on skin

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23
Q

What are the types of microorganisms

A 
bacteria 
archaea 
fungi
protozoa 
algae 
viruses 
multicellular animal parasites
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24
Q

Who observed the first microbes

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek “animalcules” viewed through magnifying lenses

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25
Q

When were the first microbes observed

A

1623-1673

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26
Q

Robert Hooke

A

improved the microscope and reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells

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27
Q

When did Robert Hooke improve the microscope

A

1665

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28
Q

Cell Theory

A

all living things are composed of cells

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29
Q

What were the two major hypothesis of how microbes arise

A

spontaneous generation and biogenesis

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30
Q

Biogenesis

A

living cells arise only from preexisting living cells

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31
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

related to biogenesis

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32
Q

When was Rudolf Virchow biogenesis

A

1858

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33
Q

Who was involved in the debate over spontaneous generation

A

John Needham and Lazzaro Spallanzani

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34
Q

John Needham experiment

A

put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks

results microbial growth

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35
Q

When was John Needham experiement

A

1745

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36
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani experiment

A

boiled nutrient solutions in sealed flasks

results no microbial growth

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37
Q

When was Lazzaro Spallanzani experiement

A

1765

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38
Q

What did scientists speculate after Needham and Spallanzani experiment

A

air is necessary for life

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39
Q

Who came up with biogenesis hypothesis

A

Rudolf Virchow

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40
Q

When was Louis Pasteur biogenesis experiment

A

1861

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41
Q

What was Pasteur biogenesis experiment

A

Pasteur poured beef broth into a necked flask (microorganisms were present in broth
next he heated the neck of flask and bent into an s-shape
then boiled the broth for several minutes microorganisms weren’t present in broth
microorganisms did not appear in cooled solution even after long periods

used s-shaped flasks to keep microbes out but let air in
broth in flasks were boiled and showed no signs of life
neck of flask traps microbes
microorganisms originate in air or fluids not by mystical forces

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42
Q

What did Pasteur biogenesis experiment demonstrate

A

microorganisms are present in nonliving matter such as air, liquids, and solids; demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

43
Q

What are the key concepts of Pasteur’s biogenesis experiment

A

microbes are responsible for food spoilage leading researches to make the connection between microbes and disease
experiments and observations provide the basis of aseptic techniques which are used to prevent microbial contamination

44
Q

When was the first golden age of microbiology

A

1857-1911

45
Q

What new techniques and theories were a part of the first golden age

A

fermentation pasteurization germ theory of disease koch’s postulates and vaccination

46
Q

What did Pasteur show in the first golden age

A

microbes are responsible for fermentation

47
Q

microbial growth is also responsible for what

A

spoilage of food and beverages

48
Q

how does bacteria spoil wine

A

turns wine into vinegar (acetic acid)

49
Q

what did Pasteur demonstrate with pasteurization

A

spoilage of bacteria could be killed by heat that wasn’t hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine

50
Q

Pasteurization

A

the application of a mild heat that is usually less than 100C (212F) for a short time (1min) or longer time (30min) at low temperature (63C-145F) to kill harmful bacteria in beverage

51
Q

When did Bassi and Pasteur show that silkworm was caused by fungus and protozoan

A

1835-1865

52
Q

Dr. Semmelweis

A

advocated for handwashing to prevent the transmission of puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another

53
Q

When did Dr. Semmelweis advocate for handwashing

A

1840s

54
Q

Joseph Lister

A

developed germ theory of disease
studied Pasteur work showing that microbes in the air could spoil food and caused animal diseases; suggested that microbes caused by surgical wound infection and used a chemical antiseptic (phenol) to prevent surgical wound infections
indirect evidence that microbes caused human disease

55
Q

when did joseph lister develop germ theory

A

1860s

56
Q

Germ Theory of Disease

A

accepted scientific theory that microorganisms pathogens and germs can lead to disease

57
Q

Germ Theory Koch’s Postulates

A

demonstrated that a specific microbe causes a certain disease

58
Q

Who developed Koch’s Postulate

A

Robert Koch

59
Q

When was the first proof that bacteria causes disease in humans

A

1876

60
Q

Vaccination

A

derived from word vacca meaning cow

61
Q

What is the protection from diseases called

A

immunity

62
Q

when was vaccination developed

A

before scientists knew why it works

63
Q

Edward Jenner

A

inoculated 8yr old boy with scraping from cowpox blisters (cowpox virus) who was then immune to smallpox for whole life

64
Q

When did Edward Jenner inoculate 8yr old boy

A

1796

65
Q

When was the second golden age of microbiology

A

1911-1980

66
Q

2nd golden age (dream of magic bullet ) new discoveries

A

chemotherapy
synthetic drugs
antibiotics
new branches of microbiology

67
Q

what happened after establishing germ theory and lister’s antiseptic treatment

A

hypothesis of chemotherapy

68
Q

what are the chemotherapeutic agents that are used to treat infectious disease

A

synthetic drugs or antibiotics

69
Q

antibiotics

A

derived from microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria

70
Q

what were the first synthetic drugs

A

quinine and salvarsan

71
Q

Quinine

A

came from tree bark used to treat malaria

72
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

med student that speculated about magic bullet developed synthetic arsenic drug salvarsan to treat syphilis

73
Q

magic bullet

A

could destroy all pathogens without harming host

74
Q

when did Ehrlich develop salvarsan

A

1910

75
Q

when were sulfonamides synthesized

A

1930s

76
Q

what was the fortunate accident

A

antibiotics (accident )

77
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

discovered the first antibiotic by accident

observed that penicillium fungus made antibiotic penicillin that killed S. aureus

78
Q

When was the first antibiotic discovered

A

1928

79
Q

when was penicillin tested clinically and mass-produced

A

1940s

80
Q

new branches of microbiology

A 
bacteriology 
mycology 
parasitology 
virology 
immunology
81
Q

bacteriology

A

study of bacteria

82
Q

mycology

A

study of fungi

83
Q

Parasitology

A

study of protozoa and parasitic worms

84
Q

virology

A

study of viruses

85
Q

immunology

A

study of host’s response to infection

86
Q

when was the third golden age of microbiology (genetics era) sequencing genome and manipulating genome information

A

1990-current

87
Q

microbial genetics

A

study of how microbes inherit traits

88
Q

molecular biology

A

study of how dna directs protein synthesis

89
Q

genomics

A

study of an organisms genes has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms

90
Q

recombinant dna

A

dna made from two different sources

91
Q

paul berg

A

inserted animal dna into bacterial dna and the bacteria produced an animal protein

92
Q

when did paul berg insert animal dna into bacterial dna

A

1960s

93
Q

biotechnology

A

use of microbes for practical applications such as foods and chemicals

94
Q

recombinant dna technology

A

enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins vaccines and enzymes

95
Q

gene therapy

A

replacement of a defective gene in human cells

96
Q

what is genetically modified bacteria used for

A

protect crops from insects and from freezing

97
Q

emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

A

new diseases increasing in incidence

98
Q

zika virus

A

epidemics in Micronesia 2007 in french Polynesia and brazil in 2013-2015

99
Q

middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)- coronavirus

A

1,800 confirmed human cases and 630 deaths since 2014

100
Q

H1N1 influenza (swine flu)

A

declared a pandemic by WHO in 2009

101
Q

ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) ebola virus

A

2014-2016 outbreak in Guinea over 28,000 infected 11,310 deaths

102
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) HIV-1virus

A

38 million in the world were living with HIV at the end of 2018

103
Q

covid-19 pandemic

A

about 600 million infections worldwide
about 65 million deaths across the world
more than 1 million deaths in the U.S
more than 12 trillion vaccine doses were administered across the world

Microbiology Chapters flashcards (7 decks)

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