Microbiology Chapter 1 Microbes in Our Lives Flashcards
Microbiology
study of microorganisms
microorganisms/microbes
organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
Germ
refers to a rapidly growing cell-germinate
Pathogen
disease causing organisms
Microbes in the environment
producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
decompose and reuse organic waste
Microbes in commercial use
produce fermented foods such as vinegar cheese bread and wine
Microbes in manufacturing
produce cellulose
microbes in industrial use
produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone
microbes in treatment
produce insulin and antibiotics
Microbes in our Lives
few are pathogenic majority maintain the balance of life
What is the largest group of organisms on earth
microbes are the largest group of organisms on earth
Why is it important to study microbiology
produce food and prevent food spoilage
prevent and treat infection diseases
understand the causes and transmissions of disease to prevent epidemics and pandemics
Why is the covid-19 pandemic happening
lack of knowledge
many know about DNA and inherited diseases but few know about the causes and transmission of infection diseases
Microbiome
a group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body
help to maintain good health
can prevent growth of pathogenic microbes
may help train the immune system to discriminate pathogenic microbes
How many body cells is the adult human body composed of
30 trillion
How many bacterial cells are in the adult human body
40 trillion
Carolus Linnaeus
established the system of scientific nomenclature in 1735
When did Carolus Linnaeus establish the scientific nomenclature
1735
How are organisms named and classified
it has 2 names the genus and the specific epithet
Scientific Names
are italicized or underlined
the genus is capitalized; the specific epithet is lowercase
are latinized and used worldwide
may be descriptive or honor a scientist
Escherichia coli
genus (Escherichia) honors discoverer of bacteria Theodor Escherich specific epithet (coli) describes the bacterium's habitat the large intestine or colon Abbreviation E. coli
Staphylococcus aureus
genus describes the clustered (staphylo) spherical (coccus) cells
epithet describes the gold-colored colonies (aureus)
Abbreviation S. aureus
found on skin
What are the types of microorganisms
bacteria archaea fungi protozoa algae viruses multicellular animal parasites
Who observed the first microbes
Anton van Leeuwenhoek “animalcules” viewed through magnifying lenses
When were the first microbes observed
1623-1673
Robert Hooke
improved the microscope and reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells
When did Robert Hooke improve the microscope
1665
Cell Theory
all living things are composed of cells
What were the two major hypothesis of how microbes arise
spontaneous generation and biogenesis
Biogenesis
living cells arise only from preexisting living cells
Rudolf Virchow
related to biogenesis
When was Rudolf Virchow biogenesis
1858
Who was involved in the debate over spontaneous generation
John Needham and Lazzaro Spallanzani
John Needham experiment
put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks
results microbial growth
When was John Needham experiement
1745
Lazzaro Spallanzani experiment
boiled nutrient solutions in sealed flasks
results no microbial growth
When was Lazzaro Spallanzani experiement
1765
What did scientists speculate after Needham and Spallanzani experiment
air is necessary for life
Who came up with biogenesis hypothesis
Rudolf Virchow
When was Louis Pasteur biogenesis experiment
1861
What was Pasteur biogenesis experiment
Pasteur poured beef broth into a necked flask (microorganisms were present in broth
next he heated the neck of flask and bent into an s-shape
then boiled the broth for several minutes microorganisms weren’t present in broth
microorganisms did not appear in cooled solution even after long periods
used s-shaped flasks to keep microbes out but let air in
broth in flasks were boiled and showed no signs of life
neck of flask traps microbes
microorganisms originate in air or fluids not by mystical forces
What did Pasteur biogenesis experiment demonstrate
microorganisms are present in nonliving matter such as air, liquids, and solids; demonstrated that life did not arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
What are the key concepts of Pasteur’s biogenesis experiment
microbes are responsible for food spoilage leading researches to make the connection between microbes and disease
experiments and observations provide the basis of aseptic techniques which are used to prevent microbial contamination
When was the first golden age of microbiology
1857-1911
What new techniques and theories were a part of the first golden age
fermentation pasteurization germ theory of disease koch’s postulates and vaccination
What did Pasteur show in the first golden age
microbes are responsible for fermentation
microbial growth is also responsible for what
spoilage of food and beverages
how does bacteria spoil wine
turns wine into vinegar (acetic acid)
what did Pasteur demonstrate with pasteurization
spoilage of bacteria could be killed by heat that wasn’t hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine
Pasteurization
the application of a mild heat that is usually less than 100C (212F) for a short time (1min) or longer time (30min) at low temperature (63C-145F) to kill harmful bacteria in beverage
When did Bassi and Pasteur show that silkworm was caused by fungus and protozoan
1835-1865
Dr. Semmelweis
advocated for handwashing to prevent the transmission of puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another
When did Dr. Semmelweis advocate for handwashing
1840s
Joseph Lister
developed germ theory of disease
studied Pasteur work showing that microbes in the air could spoil food and caused animal diseases; suggested that microbes caused by surgical wound infection and used a chemical antiseptic (phenol) to prevent surgical wound infections
indirect evidence that microbes caused human disease
when did joseph lister develop germ theory
1860s
Germ Theory of Disease
accepted scientific theory that microorganisms pathogens and germs can lead to disease
Germ Theory Koch’s Postulates
demonstrated that a specific microbe causes a certain disease
Who developed Koch’s Postulate
Robert Koch
When was the first proof that bacteria causes disease in humans
1876
Vaccination
derived from word vacca meaning cow
What is the protection from diseases called
immunity
when was vaccination developed
before scientists knew why it works
Edward Jenner
inoculated 8yr old boy with scraping from cowpox blisters (cowpox virus) who was then immune to smallpox for whole life
When did Edward Jenner inoculate 8yr old boy
1796
When was the second golden age of microbiology
1911-1980
2nd golden age (dream of magic bullet ) new discoveries
chemotherapy
synthetic drugs
antibiotics
new branches of microbiology
what happened after establishing germ theory and lister’s antiseptic treatment
hypothesis of chemotherapy
what are the chemotherapeutic agents that are used to treat infectious disease
synthetic drugs or antibiotics
antibiotics
derived from microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria
what were the first synthetic drugs
quinine and salvarsan
Quinine
came from tree bark used to treat malaria
Paul Ehrlich
med student that speculated about magic bullet developed synthetic arsenic drug salvarsan to treat syphilis
magic bullet
could destroy all pathogens without harming host
when did Ehrlich develop salvarsan
1910
when were sulfonamides synthesized
1930s
what was the fortunate accident
antibiotics (accident )
Alexander Fleming
discovered the first antibiotic by accident
observed that penicillium fungus made antibiotic penicillin that killed S. aureus
When was the first antibiotic discovered
1928
when was penicillin tested clinically and mass-produced
1940s
new branches of microbiology
bacteriology mycology parasitology virology immunology
bacteriology
study of bacteria
mycology
study of fungi
Parasitology
study of protozoa and parasitic worms
virology
study of viruses
immunology
study of host’s response to infection
when was the third golden age of microbiology (genetics era) sequencing genome and manipulating genome information
1990-current
microbial genetics
study of how microbes inherit traits
molecular biology
study of how dna directs protein synthesis
genomics
study of an organisms genes has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms
recombinant dna
dna made from two different sources
paul berg
inserted animal dna into bacterial dna and the bacteria produced an animal protein
when did paul berg insert animal dna into bacterial dna
1960s
biotechnology
use of microbes for practical applications such as foods and chemicals
recombinant dna technology
enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins vaccines and enzymes
gene therapy
replacement of a defective gene in human cells
what is genetically modified bacteria used for
protect crops from insects and from freezing
emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)
new diseases increasing in incidence
zika virus
epidemics in Micronesia 2007 in french Polynesia and brazil in 2013-2015
middle east respiratory syndrome (mers)- coronavirus
1,800 confirmed human cases and 630 deaths since 2014
H1N1 influenza (swine flu)
declared a pandemic by WHO in 2009
ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) ebola virus
2014-2016 outbreak in Guinea over 28,000 infected 11,310 deaths
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) HIV-1virus
38 million in the world were living with HIV at the end of 2018
covid-19 pandemic
about 600 million infections worldwide
about 65 million deaths across the world
more than 1 million deaths in the U.S
more than 12 trillion vaccine doses were administered across the world
