Microbiology Ch. 2 P.2 chemical properties

Question 1

main responsibilities for carbohydrates

Answer 1

cell structures; cellular energy sources

Question 2

what elements are in carbohydrates

Answer 2

C, H, O
CH2On

Question 3

what do carbohydrates include

Answer 3

sugar and starches

Question 4

carbohydrates are?

Answer 4

isomers

Question 5

isomers

Answer 5

molecules with same chemical formula
different structures

Question 6

Monosaccharides

Answer 6

simple sugars
3 to seven carbon atoms

Question 7

examples of common monosaccharides (ose)

Answer 7

glucose and deoxyribose

Question 8

disaccharides

Answer 8

2 monosaccharides are combine in dehydration synthesis
broken down by hydrolysis

Question 9

Polysaccharides

Answer 9

tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

Question 10

examples of polysaccharides

Answer 10

cellulose, starch, glycogen, dextran

Question 11

lipids

Answer 11

primary components of cell membranes

Question 12

what elements do lipids consist of

Answer 12

C,H,O

Question 13

Lipids are what in water

Answer 13

nonpolar and insoluble

Question 14

simple lipids

Answer 14

fats or triglycerides
contain glycerol and fatty acids formed by dehydration synthesis

Question 15

what are some examples of simple lipids

Answer 15

saturated/unsaturated fat
Cis
Trans

Question 16

saturated fat

Answer 16

no double bonds in the fatty acids

Question 17

unsaturated fat

Answer 17

one or more double bonds in the fatty acids

Question 18

cis

Answer 18

H atoms on the same side of the double bond

Question 19

trans

Answer 19

H atoms on opposite sides of the double bond

Question 20

elements in complex lipids

Answer 20

contain C, H, and O + P, N and or S

Question 21

cell membranes are made up of what

Answer 21

phospholipids

Question 22

what do phospholipids contain

Answer 22

glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group

Question 23

phospholipids have what type of regions

Answer 23

polar and nonpolar

Question 24

steroids

Answer 24

four carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring
Part of membranes that keep the membranes fluid

Question 25

what elements do Proteins consist of

Answer 25

made up of C,H,O,N and sometimes S

Question 26

what are proteins essential in

Answer 26

cell structure and function enzymes that speed up chemical reactions move chemicals across membranes flagella that aid in movement some bacterial toxins and cell structures

Question 27

what are amino acids

Answer 27

subunits of proteins

Question 28

amino acids contain what

Answer 28

alpha-carbon attached carboxyl group (-COOH) amino group (NH2) Side group

Question 29

what do amino acids exist in

Answer 29

either 2 stereoisomers D or L L forms are most often found in nature

Question 30

peptide bonds

Answer 30

are between amino acids that are formed by dehydration synthesis

Question 31

Names of Protein Structures

Answer 31

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures

Question 32

primary structure

Answer 32

peptide strand amino acid sequence

Question 33

secondary structure

Answer 33

amino acid chain folds and coils in a helix or pleated sheet with three polypeptide strands

Question 34

tertiary structure

Answer 34

helix folds into a 3D shape forms disulfide bridges hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain

Question 35

quaternary structure

Answer 35

folded polypeptide chains forming a protein

Question 36

what are the levels of protein structure

Answer 36

amino acids, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins and lipoproteins

Question 37

proteins can undergo what

Answer 37

denaturation

Question 38

denaturation

Answer 38

proteins encounter hostile environments such as temperature and pH and lose their shapes and functions

Question 39

nucleic acids

Answer 39

five carbon pentose sugar, phosphate group nitrogen containing purine or pyrimidine base

Question 40

nucleotides consists of what

Answer 40

pentose and nitrogen

Question 41

DNA

Answer 41

deoxyribose acid

Question 42

deoxyribose acid

Answer 42

contains deoxyribose exists as a double helix adenine hydrogen bonds with thymine\cytosine hydrogen bonds with guanine

Question 43

order of the nitrogen-containing bases form what

Answer 43

genetic instructions of the organism

Question 44

RNA ribonucleic acid

Answer 44

contains ribose single stranded adenine hydrogen bonds with uracil cytosine hydrogen bonds with guanine

Question 45

several kinds of RNA play a specific role in what

Answer 45

protein synthesis

Question 46

Adenosine Triphosphate ATP

Answer 46

made of ribose, adenine, three phosphate groups stores chemical energy released by releases phosphate groups by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for the cell