Microbiology Ch. 2 P.2 chemical properties Flashcards
main responsibilities for carbohydrates
cell structures; cellular energy sources
what elements are in carbohydrates
C, H, O
CH2On
what do carbohydrates include
sugar and starches
carbohydrates are?
isomers
isomers
molecules with same chemical formula
different structures
Monosaccharides
simple sugars
3 to seven carbon atoms
examples of common monosaccharides (ose)
glucose and deoxyribose
disaccharides
2 monosaccharides are combine in dehydration synthesis
broken down by hydrolysis
Polysaccharides
tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis
examples of polysaccharides
cellulose, starch, glycogen, dextran
lipids
primary components of cell membranes
what elements do lipids consist of
C,H,O
Lipids are what in water
nonpolar and insoluble
simple lipids
fats or triglycerides
contain glycerol and fatty acids formed by dehydration synthesis
what are some examples of simple lipids
saturated/unsaturated fat
Cis
Trans
saturated fat
no double bonds in the fatty acids
unsaturated fat
one or more double bonds in the fatty acids
cis
H atoms on the same side of the double bond
trans
H atoms on opposite sides of the double bond
elements in complex lipids
contain C, H, and O + P, N and or S
cell membranes are made up of what
phospholipids
what do phospholipids contain
glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group
phospholipids have what type of regions
polar and nonpolar
steroids
four carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring
Part of membranes that keep the membranes fluid
what elements do Proteins consist of
made up of C,H,O,N and sometimes S
what are proteins essential in
cell structure and function
enzymes that speed up chemical reactions
move chemicals across membranes
flagella that aid in movement
some bacterial toxins and cell structures
what are amino acids
subunits of proteins
amino acids contain what
alpha-carbon
attached carboxyl group (-COOH)
amino group (NH2)
Side group
what do amino acids exist in
either 2 stereoisomers D or L
L forms are most often found in nature
peptide bonds
are between amino acids that are formed by dehydration synthesis
Names of Protein Structures
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures
primary structure
peptide strand amino acid sequence
secondary structure
amino acid chain folds and coils in a helix or pleated sheet with three polypeptide strands
tertiary structure
helix folds into a 3D shape
forms disulfide bridges
hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds
between amino acids in the chain
quaternary structure
folded polypeptide chains forming a protein
what are the levels of protein structure
amino acids, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins and lipoproteins
proteins can undergo what
denaturation
denaturation
proteins encounter hostile environments such as temperature and pH and lose their shapes and functions
nucleic acids
five carbon pentose sugar,
phosphate group
nitrogen containing purine or pyrimidine base
nucleotides consists of what
pentose and nitrogen
DNA
deoxyribose acid
deoxyribose acid
contains deoxyribose
exists as a double helix
adenine hydrogen bonds with thymine\cytosine hydrogen bonds with guanine
order of the nitrogen-containing bases form what
genetic instructions of the organism
RNA
ribonucleic acid
contains ribose
single stranded
adenine hydrogen bonds with uracil
cytosine hydrogen bonds with guanine
several kinds of RNA play a specific role in what
protein synthesis
Adenosine Triphosphate ATP
made of ribose, adenine, three phosphate groups
stores chemical energy released by
releases phosphate groups by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for the cell
