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Microbiology Chapters flashcards > Microbiology Ch. 2 P.2 chemical properties > Flashcards

Microbiology Ch. 2 P.2 chemical properties Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

main responsibilities for carbohydrates

A

cell structures; cellular energy sources

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2
Q

what elements are in carbohydrates

A

C, H, O
CH2On

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3
Q

what do carbohydrates include

A

sugar and starches

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4
Q

carbohydrates are?

A

isomers

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5
Q

isomers

A

molecules with same chemical formula
different structures

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6
Q

Monosaccharides

A

simple sugars
3 to seven carbon atoms

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7
Q

examples of common monosaccharides (ose)

A

glucose and deoxyribose

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8
Q

disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides are combine in dehydration synthesis
broken down by hydrolysis

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9
Q

Polysaccharides

A

tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

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10
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A

cellulose, starch, glycogen, dextran

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11
Q

lipids

A

primary components of cell membranes

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12
Q

what elements do lipids consist of

A

C,H,O

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13
Q

Lipids are what in water

A

nonpolar and insoluble

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14
Q

simple lipids

A

fats or triglycerides
contain glycerol and fatty acids formed by dehydration synthesis

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15
Q

what are some examples of simple lipids

A

saturated/unsaturated fat
Cis
Trans

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16
Q

saturated fat

A

no double bonds in the fatty acids

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17
Q

unsaturated fat

A

one or more double bonds in the fatty acids

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18
Q

cis

A

H atoms on the same side of the double bond

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19
Q

trans

A

H atoms on opposite sides of the double bond

20
Q

elements in complex lipids

A

contain C, H, and O + P, N and or S

21
Q

cell membranes are made up of what

A

phospholipids

22
Q

what do phospholipids contain

A

glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate group

23
Q

phospholipids have what type of regions

A

polar and nonpolar

24
Q

steroids

A

four carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring
Part of membranes that keep the membranes fluid

25
Q

what elements do Proteins consist of

A

made up of C,H,O,N and sometimes S

26
Q

what are proteins essential in

A

cell structure and function
enzymes that speed up chemical reactions
move chemicals across membranes
flagella that aid in movement
some bacterial toxins and cell structures

27
Q

what are amino acids

A

subunits of proteins

28
Q

amino acids contain what

A

alpha-carbon
attached carboxyl group (-COOH)
amino group (NH2)
Side group

29
Q

what do amino acids exist in

A

either 2 stereoisomers D or L
L forms are most often found in nature

30
Q

peptide bonds

A

are between amino acids that are formed by dehydration synthesis

31
Q

Names of Protein Structures

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures

32
Q

primary structure

A

peptide strand amino acid sequence

33
Q

secondary structure

A

amino acid chain folds and coils in a helix or pleated sheet with three polypeptide strands

34
Q

tertiary structure

A

helix folds into a 3D shape
forms disulfide bridges
hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds
between amino acids in the chain

35
Q

quaternary structure

A

folded polypeptide chains forming a protein

36
Q

what are the levels of protein structure

A

amino acids, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins and lipoproteins

37
Q

proteins can undergo what

A

denaturation

38
Q

denaturation

A

proteins encounter hostile environments such as temperature and pH and lose their shapes and functions

39
Q

nucleic acids

A

five carbon pentose sugar,
phosphate group
nitrogen containing purine or pyrimidine base

40
Q

nucleotides consists of what

A

pentose and nitrogen

41
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribose acid

42
Q

deoxyribose acid

A

contains deoxyribose
exists as a double helix
adenine hydrogen bonds with thymine\cytosine hydrogen bonds with guanine

43
Q

order of the nitrogen-containing bases form what

A

genetic instructions of the organism

44
Q

RNA
ribonucleic acid

A

contains ribose
single stranded
adenine hydrogen bonds with uracil
cytosine hydrogen bonds with guanine

45
Q

several kinds of RNA play a specific role in what

A

protein synthesis

46
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate ATP

A

made of ribose, adenine, three phosphate groups
stores chemical energy released by
releases phosphate groups by hydrolysis to liberate useful energy for the cell

Microbiology Chapters flashcards (7 decks)

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