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Bio 1400 > Microbiology Chap 3 > Flashcards

Microbiology Chap 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Total Magnification=

A

objective lens+ ocular lens

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2
Q

ocular lens

A

10x

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3
Q

objective lens

A

10x, 40x, 100x

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4
Q

Resolution

A

ability of lens to distinguish between two points

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5
Q

refractive index

A

measure of light bending ability of medium

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6
Q

brightfield illumination

A

dark objects are visible against bright objects

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7
Q

darkfield illumination

A

light objects are visible against dark objects

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8
Q

Phase-contract microscopy

A

permits detailed examination of living specimens

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9
Q

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy

A

Accentuates diffraction of light that passes through a specimen
-Uses 2 beams of light; prisms split light beam adding color

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10
Q

Fluorescence Microscopy

A
  • Uses UV light (short wavelength)
  • Fluorescent substances absorb UV light & emit visible light
  • Cells may be stained with fluorescent dyes (fluorochromes)
  • Uses fluorescent antibodies to identify unknown microbes
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11
Q

Scanning Acoustic Microscopy (SAM)

A

Measures sound waves that are reflected back from an object

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12
Q

Electron Microscopy

A

Uses electrons instead of light; have electromagnetic lens to focus beams of electrons
-Shorter wavelength of electrons gives greater resolution

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13
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy

A

-Beam of electrons passes through specimen, then electromagnetic lens,
then focused on a projector lens
-Specimens may be stained with heavy metal salts
-Magnifies objects 10,000 to 100,000; resolution of 10 pm

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14
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A
  • Electron gun produces beam of electrons that scans surface of whole specimen
  • Secondary electrons emitted from specimen produce 3-D image
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15
Q

Scanned-Probe Microscopy

A

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) uses metal probe to scan specimen

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16
Q

Staining

A

coloring microbe with dye that emphasizes certain structures

17
Q

Smear

A

thin film of solution of microbes on slide

18
Q

Smear is fixed by ….

A

Smear is fixed (attached) to slide, usually through heat or methyl alcohol stain is applied rinsed with water  blotted with absorbent paper

19
Q

Stains

A

consist of a positive and negative ion, one of which is colored (chromophore)

20
Q

Stains in different dyes

A

In basic dye, chromophore is cation

In acidic dye, chromophore is anion

21
Q

Negative staining

A

Staining background instead of cell

22
Q

Simple stain

A

use of single basic dye

-Highlights the entire microorganism to visualize cell shapes and structures

23
Q

Mordant

A

(chemical that intensifies stain) may be used to hold stain or coat specimen to enlarge it

24
Q

Differential Stains

A

Used to distinguish between bacteria
Gram stain
Acid-fast stain

25
Q

Special Stains

A

Used to distinguish parts of cells
Capsule stain
Endospore stain
Flagella stain

26
Q

Gram-positive bacteria

A

tend to be killed by penicillin & detergents

27
Q

Gram-negative bacteria

A

are more resistant to antibiotics

28
Q

Acid-Fast Stain

A

Stained waxy cell wall is not decolorized by acid-alcohol

29
Q

Negative Staining for Capsules

A
  • Cells stained using simple stain
  • Negative stain using India Ink or nigrosin
  • Capsules are not stained but appear as halos around cells
30
Q

Capsules:

A

gelatinous covering of microbe; can determine virulence

31
Q

Endospore Staining

A
  • Primary stain: Malachite green, usually with heat
  • Decolorize cells: Water
  • Counterstain: Safranin
  • Endospores appear green in red or pink cell
32
Q

Endospore

A

special resistant, dormant structure formed within cell to protect it from adverse environmental conditions

33
Q

Flagella Staining

A
  • Flagella are used for locomotion & are too small to be seen with light microscope without stain
  • Mordant & simple stain carbolfuchsin build up flagella until it is visible under light microscope

Bio 1400 (13 decks)

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