Microbiology Chap 1

Question 1

Define Microorganisms (microbes

Answer 1

organisms that are too small to be seen with naked eye

Includes bacteria, fungi (yeast, molds), protozoa, viruses

Question 2

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 2

established system of scientific nomenclature

Question 3

Scientific names

Carolus Linnaeus

Answer 3

Scientific names

• Each organism has two names: genus; and specific epithet (species name)
• Are italicized or underlined
• Genus is capitalized; specific epithet is lowercase

Question 4

Staphylococcus aureus (EX. of scientific name)

Answer 4

• (staphylo-) spherical (cocci) cells

- Describes gold-colored (aureus) colonies

Question 5

Types of microorganisms

Answer 5

• bacteria
• archaea
• fungi
• protozoa
• viruses

Question 6

Prokaryotes:

Answer 6

organisms with genetic material not enclosed in a nucleus

Question 7

Cells have several shapes:

Answer 7

Bacillus: rodlike
Coccus: spherical or ovoid
Spiral: corkscrew or curved

Question 8

Prokaryotes characteristics???

Answer 8

• Peptidoglycan cell walls
• Reproduce by binary fission (dividing into two equal cells)
• For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis
• swim using flagella

Question 9

Archaea is a ??

Answer 9

Prokaryote

Question 10

Archaea characteristics

Answer 10

Cell walls lack peptidoglycan

Live in extreme environments

Question 11

Archaea is Divided into 3 main groups:

Answer 11

Methanogens: produce methane as waste product
Extreme halophiles: live in extremely salty environments (Great Salt Lake & Dead Sea)
Extreme thermophiles: live in hot sulfurous waters (Yellowstone National Park)

Question 12

Does Archaea cause diseases in humans?

Answer 12

NO

Question 13

Fungi is a ??

Answer 13

Eukaryote (organisms that contains nucleus with dan)

Question 14

Fungi has cell walls composed of?

Answer 14

chitin

Question 15

Which eukaryotes reproduce sexually or asexually?

Answer 15

Fungi
Protozoa
Algae

Question 16

Fungi are also

Answer 16

yeasts that are unicellular

Question 17

Protozoa

Answer 17

• unicellular eukaryotes
• Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
• May be motile via pseudopods (false feet), cilia or flagella

Question 18

Algae is a???

Answer 18

Eukaryotes

Question 19

Algae characteristics ??

Answer 19

• Cellulose cell walls
• Abundant in fresh & salt water environments
• Use photosynthesis for energy
• Produces molecular oxygen & organic compounds
• eaten by other organisms

Question 20

Viruses consists of

Answer 20

Very small, can only be seen with an electron microscope
Acellular
Consist of DNA or RNA core surrounded by protein coat that may be enclosed in lipid envelope
Viruses are replicated only when they are in living host cell

Question 21

Carl Woese (exam)

Answer 21

devised system of classification based on cellular organization of organisms

Question 22

Three domains of Carl Woese (Exam)

Answer 22

• Bacteria: cell walls contain peptidoglycan
• Archaea: cell walls lack peptidoglycan
• Eukarya

Question 23

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (EXAM)

Answer 23

• described live microorganisms

- He made detailed drawings of “animalcules” from rainwater, feces & material from teeth scrapings

Question 24

Biogenesis:

Answer 24

hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

Question 25

Louis Pasteur (EXAM)

Answer 25

demonstrated that microorganisms are present in air

Question 26

Pasteur’s S-shaped flask

Answer 26

-kept microbes out but let air in
-Discovers form basis of aseptic technique
-Showed that microbes can live on nonliving surfaces
(THEORY OF BIOGENESIS)

Question 27

Louis Pasteur was asked to find out why wine & beer soured

Answer 27

Showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation (conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer & wine)

Question 28

Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed

Answer 28

killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate alcohol in wine

Question 29

Pasteurization:

Answer 29

application of high heat for short time

Question 30

Germ theory of disease (EXAM)

Answer 30

: theory that microbes cases disease

Question 31

Ignaz Semmelweis (EXAM)

Answer 31

advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another

Question 32

Joseph Lister (EXAM)

Answer 32

used chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections

Question 33

Robert Koch (EXAM)

Answer 33

proved that anthrax was caused by Bacillus anthracis

Question 34

Robert Koch (EXAM)

Answer 34

specific microbe causes specific disease
Found rod-shaped bacteria from blood from cattle that dies of anthrax
Cultured bacteria
Injected samples of cultures into healthy animals
Animals became sick & died
Isolated identical rod-shaped bacteria from blood

Question 35

Edward Jenner (EXAM)

Answer 35

• inoculated person with cowpox virus, who was then protected from smallpox
• Vaccination is derived from vacca, for cow

Question 36

Chemotherapy:

Answer 36

treatment with chemicals

its more successful because chemicals are more poisonous to microbe then infected host.

Question 37

Alexander Fleming

Answer 37

discovered first antibiotic

-Fleming observed that Penicillium fungus made antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus

Question 38

antibiotics

Answer 38

Too toxic to humans
Damage host
Antibiotic resistance

Question 39

Bacteriology:

Answer 39

study of bacteria

Question 40

Mycology:

Answer 40

study of fungi

Question 41

Virology

Answer 41

study of viruses

Question 42

Parasitology:

Answer 42

study of protozoa & parasitic worms

Question 43

Immunology:

Answer 43

: study of immunity

Question 44

Normal microbiota

Answer 44

microbes normally present in & on human body

• Prevent growth of pathogens
• Produce growth factors such as folic acid & vitamin K

Question 45

Resistance:

Answer 45

ability of body to ward off disease

Ex. skin, stomach acid

Question 46

Biofilms

Answer 46

Microbes attach to solid surfaces & grow into masses

Question 47

disease results in …..

Answer 47

When a pathogen overcomes host’s resistance