Microbiology and Pathology Flashcards
Describe the structure of bacteria?
Single-celled micro-organism, containing a cell wall
What is the shape of staphylococci and streptococcus ?
Staphylococci = Circular cluster,
Streptococcus = Circular chain
What is the shape of Bacilli and Lactobacilli ?
Bacilli = Rod-shaped with pointed ends
Lactobacilli = Rod-shaped with rounded ends
What is the shape of spirochetes ?
Spiral
Why are spores harder to get rid of ?
They have a hard outer coating that protects the bacteria within from ranging temps and chemicals
What are the two types of agents of antibiotics and what do they do ?
Bactericidal agents: kills bacteria
Bacteriostatic agents: prevents production and multiplying [targets cell wall]
What are the common antibiotics used in a dental Practice?
- Amoxicillin 500-mg 3x daily for up to 5 days
- Metronidazole 400mg 3x daily for up to 5 days
Clarithromycin/erythromycin 250mg 2x daily for up to 5 days Alternative to penicillin
What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic bacteria?
- Anaerobic Bacteria- can survive in low oxygen levels
- Aerobic Bacteria – Require’s oxygen
How do viruses survive?
by living within a host cell
What are some important viruses that are present in the dental profession?
Hepatitis ABC, HIV, Herpes simplex, Espein-Barr virus, Paramyxovirus, Coxsackievirus
What treatment is used to treat viruses?
Anti-viral (aciclovir)
How are virus infected instruments cleaned?
They must be sterilised to cleaned with specialised viricidal chemicals
Describe the structure of fungi ?
Plant like organisms that grow as an extensive network of branches lying across the body tissues (Hyphae) and reproduce by budding out from the ends of the hyphae or by the production of spores from fruiting bodies
What are some important fungi that are present in the dental profession?
Candida albicans, oral thrush, chronic oral candidosis, Angular cheilitis
What treatment is used to treat Fungi?
Anti-fungal, Topical nystatin, Amphotercin lozenges, miconazole gel and fluconazole tablets
What is stomatitis
Infection is a General inflammatory condition affecting the oral cavity. Often due to dentures/general debilitation and malnutrition caused by candida
What is Angular Cheilitis?
Inflammation at the corners (angels) of the mouth
What is Glossitis?
Inflammation of the tongue often seen in iron deficiency anaemia can be caused by Candida
What are Analgesics
Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, aspirin
Examples of Direct contact, Airborne droplets, Aerosol spray, Direct entry and Inoculation injury
Direct contact - Bodily fluids, saliva, blood or vomit etc
Airborne droplets - from infected person sneezing, coughing or spitting
Aerosol spray - caused due to hand pieces
Direct entry - through damaged skin, cuts, grazes, piercings
Inoculation injury - pick and poke injury
Tissue repair
Chronic infections
What is Natural immunity?
Present at birth (randomly inherited)
What is passive immunity?
present from birth (inherited from mother)
What is accquired immunity?
Naturally from acquired antibodies due to overcoming an illness
What are the vaccinations required in dentistry?
Hep B, MMR [measles, mumps and rubella], TB, Polio, Diphtheria and tetanus, chickening pox, meningitis
What is used for avoidance of cross Infection?
Staff vaccination, PPE + Cleaning procedures, single use disposables, sterilisation, clinical areas clean and dirty, thorough hand cleaning.
short description of Dental caries?
Streptococcus mutants in hard tissues of a tooth
short description of Periodontal disease?
Infection in the gingivae and periodontal tissues
Short description of Oral thrush ?
fungal infection within the oral cavity
Periapical abscess:
Infection at pulp that leaks to apex
Periodontal abscess:
Bacteria in a pocket causing an abscess
Aphthous ulcer:
ulceration of soft tissue [no infection]
Herpetic ulcer
Ulceration caused via herpes simplex
Anug [acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis]
acute infection of the gingivae causing ulceration [Bacillus fusifromis and Treponema vincenti]
Dental cyst
associated with a tooth [unerupted/erupted]
Alveolar bone cyst:
formed within the jaw of the bone
Pericoronitis
caused by Streptococci milleri group = infection of third molar tooth [wisdom tooth]
Localised osteitis
Dry sockets
Cellulitis
Infections that spreads from tooth to surrounding deep soft tissues
Cleft palate:
birth defect, in the palate the two bony halves fail to join [occurs during Embryonic development]
Oral cancer
Malignant tumour that affects the soft tissues orally squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]
Herpes simplex type one: [Gingivostomatitis]
Acute inflammation of the soft oral tissues
Gingivostomatitis: ulcers within oral cavity
Herpes Labialis
cold sore
Herpes Zoster
Shingles
Diabetes: effects of the disease on the oral cavity?
- Xerostomia: Dry mouth
- Poor wound healing
- Infection: peripheral vascular disease and peripheral neuropathy = reduced blood flow and nerve sensation within the oral cavity = more readily into abscesses
Affects of epilepsy medication
Medication Epilim has a side affected of gingival hyperplasia
Affects of Eating disorders on the oral cavity ?
Enamel erosion = due to acidic residing on the teeth when throwing up [bulimia] Affects the palatal surface of upper teeth/ anterior teeth
Soft tissue burns= Burns caused by acid present in vomit
Digestive disorders that affects the oral cavity
Crohn’s disease: A chronic inflammatory disease that affects the GIT shows orally as ulceration throughout the oral cavity
Ulcerative colitis: A chronic inflammatory affecting the colon and rectal areas of the GIT shows orally as aphthous ulcers
Coeliac disease: [small intestine] Gluten intolerance, appears orally as ulcerations, glossitis and stomatitis
