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Z MD1 GI block > microbiology > Flashcards

microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

how does strongyloides cause hyperinfection with gram negatives

A

when strongyloides pentrates through tissue walls –> go into circulation (can bring gram negative organisms with it into the blood) = sepsis

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2
Q

what is the proper name for worms

A

helminths

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3
Q

what is a paratenic host

A

host in which the parasite enters the body and does not undergo development, but remains infective (does not change into different parts of its life cycle)

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3
Q

what are the two main ways of catching toxoplasma gondii

A
  • from cats faeces - undercooked meat
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4
Q

Who does Giardia classically infect

A

children - poor hand hygiene

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4
Q

symptoms of enterobius ermicularis

A

many asymptomatic perianal/vaginal itch

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4
Q

what are the 2 types of taeniasis

A

taenia saginate taenia doium

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5
Q

What is pathotyping mainly used for?

A

determining which virulence type it is - for E coli

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5
Q

what does echinococcus granulosus cause

A

hydatid cysts

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6
Q

why are type 3 secretion systems special

A

because it is used by pathogens to make a protein go directly from the cytoplasm of the bacteria to the cytoplasm of the host cell

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7
Q

What type of diarrhoea does EHEC cause? Which population is mostly affected?

A
  • bloody diarrhoea - any age, developed coutries
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8
Q

life cycle of enterobius ermicularis

A

eggs ingested by humans –> hatch –> at night, females will crawl out and lay eggs around the anus and then go back in during the day –> itch –> hand in mouth

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9
Q

what are the aetiological agents of travellers’ diarrhoea

A

ETEC other bacteria viruses protozoa

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9
Q

2 types of parasites

A

ectoparasites protozoal parasites

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9
Q

treatment of scabies

A
  • ivermentin - oral - topical scabicides (need to be over long time period) - hot wash clothes and bed linen
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9
Q

what kind of helminth is strongyloides stercoralis

A

roundworm

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10
Q

Main food source of Salmenella

A

raw eggs

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11
Q

what is the difference between a definitive host and an intermediate host

A

definitive - parasite reaches sexual maturity in the host intermediate - development occurs but the parasite does not reach sexual maturity

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12
Q

proper name for ticks

A

Ixodes holocyclus

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12
Q

two main forms of protozoa

A

trophozoite - active cysts - inactive

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13
Q

definition of haemorrhagic colitis

A

inflammation of the colon –> blood in the faeces (but no pus)

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13
Q

life cycle of scabies

A

burrow into the epidermis –> come out to lay their eggs on the surface –> eggs hatch –> burrow into epidermis

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14
Q

infection by lice is known as

A

pediculosis

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14
Q

how long is taeniasis

A

up to 10m long

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15
Q

how much fluid goes into the GIT in 24 hours and how much is excreted

A

10 Litres goes in 100ml comes out

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17
Q

how does staph cause food poisoning

A

eat the pre formed toxin in food

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18
Q

what are the aetiological agents of food bourne gastro

A

Staph Salmenella Clostridium Bacillus Vibrio Listeria viruses ciguatoxin

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18
Q

Which E coli use the Type 3 secretion system

A

EPEC and EHEC

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18
Q

what is the helminth that is able to complete its life cycle in the human

A

strogyloides

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19
Q

3 major types of helminths

A

roundworms (nematodes) tapeworms flukes

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19
Q

where does Schiestosoma mansonii live when in humans

A

in the intestinal veins

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19
Q

what is taeniasis

A

cestode parasite cuaing cysticercosis in their intermediate host –> causes neurocystercercosis most regognisedc

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20
Q

Which E coli produces Shiga toxin

A

All EHEC and the occasional EAEC (from acquired bacteriophage)

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21
Q

What was the aim of the WHO diarrhoeal disease control program

A
  • reduce diarrhoea-associated mortality - reduce incidence of diarrhoea through education and immunisation
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23
Q

what are the aetiological agents of dysentery

A

Shigella EIEC protozoa (Shigella or amoboe)

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24
Q

what is the aetiological agent of haemorrhagic colitis

A

EHEC

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24
Q

symptoms of ascaris lumbricoides

A
  • can be asymptomatic - asthma - pneumonitis intestinal obstruction (pancreatitis, cholangitis etc)
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25
Q

treatments of taenia solium

A

antihelmintics (cautiously –> dont wan the cyst to burst)

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26
Q

life cycle of ascaris lumricoides

A

eggs mature in soil –> ingested –> penetrate intestinal wall –> hepatic circulation –> lungs –> alveolar space –> trachea –> reswallowed

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27
Q

How do Shiga toxins affect humans

A

affect protein synthesis

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28
Q

diagnosis of taenia solium

A

serology imaging techniques

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29
Q

what are the anti-diarrhoeals

A
  • anti-motility agents - anti-secretory agents - binding agents
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29
Q

what is Schistosoma mansonii

A

fluke (trematode)

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30
Q

What are the methods use to try and diagnose what is causing diarrhoea?

A
  • macroscopic appearance - microscopy - culture (bacteria) - antigen detection (viruses, parasites, toxins) - nucleic acid detection (viruses, bacteria, protozoa)
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30
Q

How do you know if Entamoeba histolytica has changed to pathogenic (as opposed to a commensal)

A

has Red cells inside it

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30
Q

treatment of enterobius ermicularis

A

antihelminthic (can be bought over the counter) - people tend to self treat

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31
Q

where abouts in Australia are ticks a problem

A

eastern australia

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32
Q

what does entamoeba histolytica do

A
  • invades tissues in the colon –> large volume diarrhoea - can spread by blood and lodge in other areas causing abscess
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33
Q

what is dysentry

A

presence of blood, pus and mucus in the faeces

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34
Q

associations between diarrhoea and malnutrition

A
  • increased energy loss (diarrhoea and vomiting and increased metabolic needs) - reduced energy intake (malabsorption and with-holding of food)
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35
Q

difference in stools between diarrhoea of small and large intestinal origin

A

small –> infrequent or frequent stools of large volume and watery large –> frequent stools of lowish volume

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36
Q

What is Tir?

A

It is the receptor for Intimin bacteria brings Tir with it –> pumps it from the cytoplasm from the bacteria –> cytoplasm of the cell

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37
Q

Which bacteria destroy the microvilli of the mucosa but do not invade it?

A

EPEC

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37
Q

what is in oral rehydration sachets

A

NaCl, KCl, bicarb, glucose/sucrose

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37
Q

T/F humans are part of the normal life cycle of ticks

A

false

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37
Q

what kind of worm is enterobius ermicularis

A

roundworm

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38
Q

what are the aetiological agents of antibiotic associated colitis

A

Clostridium difficile

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38
Q

what part of the life cycle are we for echinococcus granulosus

A

accidental

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39
Q

treatments of Schistosoma mansoni

A

antihelminitic - short courses effective

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41
Q

Pathotypes of diarrhoeagenic E coli

A

ETEC (toxigenic) EPEC (pathogenic) EHEC (haemorrhagic) EIEC (invasive) EAEC (aggregative)

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42
Q

Which bacteria systemically invade the body from the gut? How?

A

Salmenella (survive inside macrophages)

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43
Q

disease control for strongyloides

A

sewage disposal shoes

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44
Q

Diagnosis of strongyloides

A

eggs in the feaces serolgy

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46
Q

Adhesins of ETEC

A

CFA (colinising factor antigens)

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47
Q

what type of diarrhoea does EAEC cause? Which population is mostly affected?

A
  • watery diarrhoea - children in LDCs
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48
Q

how do you diagnose echinococcus granulosus

A

imaging techniques seroogy

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49
Q

how are ticks normally transferred to humans

A

ticks climb up to the ends of long grass. As your leg brushes by –> jumps on

50
Q

length of ascaris lumricoides

A

30-40cm

52
Q

what are the functional areas of a LEE pathogenicity island

A
  • Type 3 secretion system - effectors (toxins - that need the Type 3 SS to get out of the bacteria)
54
Q

main reason for travellers diarrhoea

A

people from developed countries visit developing countries, where they have not encountered specific organisms before –> diarrhoea

54
Q

main population that gets infected with enterobius ermicularis

A

young children

55
Q

proper name for lice

A

pediculus…. humanis/capitis/pubis

56
Q

Tx of ticks

A

removal of the tick

57
Q

what are the aetiological agents of cholera-like gastro

A

vibrio cholerae ETEC

59
Q

Which E coli can acquire the ability to produce Shiga toxin

A

EAEC - from bacteriophages

60
Q

Which E coli produces Shiga toxins

A

EHEC

61
Q

In which situations do you prescribe antibiotics for diarrhoea

A
  • cholera - systemic infections (eg typhoid fever) - immunocompromised patients - severe infections with Shigella - protozoal infections - pseudomembranous colitis
62
Q

What does intimin do?

A

a large outer membrane protein required for the intimate adherence between bacteria and cell.

63
Q

Sx of ticks

A

paralysis (local or generalised ascending)

64
Q

life cycle of lice

A

egg –> hatches –> several stages of malting –> adult –> lays eggs –> adult dies

65
Q

Where does most of the fluid that goes into the GIT come from?

A

secretions of the GIT system

65
Q

Tx of entamoeba histolytica

A

metnodizaole and paromomycin, drainage of abscess

66
Q

diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni

A

characteristic eggs in the faeces serolgy

68
Q

what is a reservoir host

A

an animal which can be normally infected with a parasite that also infects people

69
Q

what does toxoplasma gondii infect

A

all mammals, many birds

71
Q

How do you go about culturing faeces

A
  • enrichment for Salmonella and others - direct plating on selective/indicator media - confirm suspicious colonies using biochemical tests, serotyping and pathotyping
72
Q

Which bacteria are the least invasive of the mucosa?

A

cholera ETEC –> adhere to intact intestinal mucosa

73
Q

main animals that echinococcus granulosus nfects

A

dogs and cattle

74
Q

what is ascaris lumricoides

A

a roundworm

75
Q

what is the difference between the main infective causes of diarrhoea between developing and developed coutries

A
  • developed countries - agent more likely to be viral - developing countries - agent more likely to be bacterial
76
Q

how is diagnosis made of ascaris lumbricoides

A
  • eggs in the faeces - imaging of obstructions
78
Q

Which E coli have the LEE pathogenicity islands?

A

EHEC and EPEC

78
Q

treatment of lice

A

topical insecticides

79
Q

presentation of toxoplasma gondii

A

usually asymptomatic unless immunocompromised

80
Q

when is toxoplasma gondii most infectious

A

from undercooked meat

81
Q

what are the 2 primary sites for entamoeba histolytica abscesses

A

brain and liver

82
Q

symptoms of Toxoplasma in immunocompromised patients

A

CNS lesions ocular disease in HIV

83
Q

major problem of taeniasis

A

neurocystercercosis

84
Q

what are two examples of tapeworms

A

echinococcus granulosus taeniasis

85
Q

where abouts are scabies infection most seen on the body

A

fingerwebs elbows axillae genitals

86
Q

treatment of echinococcus granulosus

A

surgery, PAIR, anthelmintics

87
Q

what are the 2 scary things about stronglyoides

A
  • can complete whole life cycle inside humans - can cause gram negative hyperinfection in immunocompromised hosts
87
Q

main way we get taeniasis

A

eating the egg in the muscle of meat we eat

89
Q

what is a pathogenicity island

A

a block of genes that are found on the chromosome in pathogens that are missing from non pathogens of the same species. Split into functional areas that work cooperatively.

90
Q

diagnosis of giardia

A

cysts in the faeces

91
Q

what are the important fimbriae and non fibriate adhesins in E coli

A

Fimbriae - CFAs of ETEC, BFP of EPEC non-fimbriate - Intimin of EPEC and EHEC

93
Q

What type of diarrhoea does EPEC cause? Which population is mostly affected?

A
  • non-specific gastroenteritis - children in LDCs
94
Q

symptoms of taenia solium

A

cysts in subcutaneous and neural tissue

96
Q

which E coli pathogen mostly affects people in developed countries

A

EHEC –> bloody diarrhoea

96
Q

what causes the majority of symptoms of tapeworms

A

their excessive energy consumption

97
Q

how do you get entamoeba histolytica

A

foecal-oral transmission (usually in the cystic stage)

99
Q

What type of diarrhoea does EIEC cause? Which population is mostly affected?

A
  • dysentery - any age, mainly in LDCs
101
Q

main use for serotyping

A

to distinguish between different types of Salmonella

103
Q

treatment of giardia

A

tinidazole

104
Q

how does diarrhoea kill?

A
  • fluid and electrolyte imbalance - delayed –> malnutrition
106
Q

Which bacteria invade the mucosa but then dont go any further

A

Shigella

107
Q

what are the virulence determinants

A
  • adhesins - invasive activity - exotoxins - ability to resist killing
108
Q

treatment of diarrhoea

A
  • replace fluid and electrolytes (intravenous or oral) - reduce fluid loss
110
Q

how do you get giardia intestinalis

A

faecal-oral transmission zoonotic transmission

111
Q

mechanism behind diarrhoea of small intestinal origin

A

too much fluid enters a healthy colon - unable to absorb all the water –> diarrhoea

113
Q

diagnosis of viral infections

A

antigen detection (mainly) - capture assay detection of nucleic acid - PCR electron microscopy

115
Q

how does diarrhoea lead to malabsorption

A

gut villi are damaged by the organism –> malabsorption

116
Q

what affects the pathogenicity of protozoa

A

host factors - eg. immunocompromise

118
Q

what are the aetiological agents of enteric fever

A

Salmonella typhi Salmonella paratyphi

119
Q

what happens with the cysts

A

proliferation internally in crypts producing infective protoscoeces

121
Q

why did the modified shiga Toxin Receptor drug not work

A

because by the time you diagnose the patient, enough Shiga toxin has already been absorbed to make them really sick

122
Q

how do you get schistosoma mansonii

A

trasmitted by fresh water snails –> larva penetrates the skin

124
Q

how are lice and mites spread

A

direct contact

125
Q

what type of cell cycle is taeniasis

A

humans can replace animal in the life cycle (but dont need to be involved)= - can be both definitive and intermediate hosts)

127
Q

What does oral rehydraton not do?

A

reduce fluid loss

128
Q

why do we test for toxoplasma in pregnancy

A

can go haematogenously –> to baby. Can cause miscarriage or birth defects

129
Q

what is the proper name of pinworm

A

enterobius vermicularis

130
Q

which E coli species have intimin as an adhesin

A

EPEC and EHEC

131
Q

in the past, lice were vectors of

A

rickettsia and spirochetes

132
Q

life cycle of stronglyoides

A

2 cycles: 1. eggs mature –> hatch and then penetrate skin 2. adults lay eggs in GI system –> eggs in faeces –> mouth (reinfection)

133
Q

life cycle of schistosoma mansonii

A

gut –> liver –> portal venous system –> maturation in portal vein –> lay eggs in the BVs and lumen of the gut –> into the faeces –> hatch in water –> into fresh water snails

134
Q

where do lice undergo their life cycle

A

the whole time they have to be in direct contact with the scalp

135
Q

What type of diarrhoea does ETEC cause? Which population is mostly affected?

A
  • watery diarrhoea - infants in LDCs, travellers
136
Q

Sx of Schistosoma mansoni

A

cercarial dermatitis

138
Q

What is bundle forming pili? and where are they found?

A

They are like CFAs of ETEC - allow the bacteria to stick to microvilli, stopping them from being washed away by peristaltic activity ONLY FOUND ON EPEC

139
Q

what are the aetiological agents of non-specific gastro

A

viruses bacteria protozoa

140
Q

how long is enterobius vermicularis

A

1cm

141
Q

how do you diagnose toxoplasma gondii

A

serolgy

142
Q

what percentage of death in children under 5 is caused by diarrhoea

A

11%

143
Q

major importance of ticks

A

they can be vectors of other viral agents

145
Q

How do anti-motility agents work

A

inhibit perstalisis

146
Q

what is toxoplasma gondii

A

obligate intracellular parasite

147
Q

symptoms of scabies

A

itch

148
Q

what are some types of protozoal parasites

A

entamoeba histolyica giardia intestinalis toxoplasma gondii

149
Q

treatment of strongyloides

A

antihelminthic

150
Q

what is giardia intestinalis

A

a flagellate, primitive eukaroyte

151
Q

aetiological agents (broadly) of diarrhoea

A

bacteria viruses protozoa

152
Q

Why is the sand particle used for the drug of the modified Shiga Toxin Receptor

A

because without it, the receptor would insert into our gut membrane –> susceptible gut tissue

153
Q

How do the different E coli cause different types of diarrhoea

A

they have different virulence factors

154
Q

length of echinococcus granulosus

A

5mm

155
Q

Which bacteria invade the submucosa and they drain to regional lymph nodes

A

Salmenlla Campylobacter

156
Q

what are some types of ectoparasites

A

lice - insects mites - arachnid ticks arachnid

158
Q

what stops head lice from infecting pubic hair

A

cant infect hair with oval hair follicles

159
Q

what is special about lice and scabies in terms with their life cycle

A

they can fulfill their whole life cycle on a single host

160
Q

where are hyatid cysts mostly seen

A

liver and lungs

161
Q

proper name for mites/scabies

A

sarcoptes scabiei

162
Q

why are anti-motility agents classed as “bad”?

A
  • because the body is then unable to flush the toxin out of the body - doesnt stop the fluid coming out of the tissues
163
Q

diagnosis of enterobius ermicularis

A

detection of eggs

164
Q

Sx of acute 1st infection of Schistosoma mansoni

A

nonspecific fibrile illness with high cytokines

165
Q

how does oral rehydration work

A

acts on the secondary absorption system in the villi (low MW compound is taken up over the villi, taking up Na and water with it passively)

166
Q

how long can giardia cysts last for outside of thehost

A

2 months

Z MD1 GI block (18 decks)

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