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Z MD1 GI block > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

what controls limb development after the initial budding of the mesoderm

A

ectodermal ridge

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1
Q

what does thalidomide cause

A

amelia and meromelia

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1
Q

failure to retract seal the abdominal wall after retraction of the gut is called

A

umbilical hernia

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2
Q

apart from the bladder and urethra, the rest of the urogenital tract is formed from the..

A

intermediate mesoderm

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3
Q

when does the blastocyst implant into the uterine wall

A

between 5-10 days

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3
Q

what is the commonest congenital heart defect

A

ventricular septal defect

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3
Q

what causes sinus invertus

A

complete failure of the cilia of the primitive node - pure change whether organs are set properly or back to front

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4
Q

what is the neural crest

A

the cells at the point of fusion of the neural tube

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4
Q

what is the yolk stalk

A

that part of the yolk sac that is still connected to the gut lumen that persists until it is finally pinched shut

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4
Q

what happens to the urorectal septum

A

it extends towards the cloacal membrane to divide the rectum from the urogenital tract

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5
Q

order of endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm from top to bottom of the blastocoele

A

ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

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6
Q

two cell populations in the blastocyst

A

inner cell mass

trophoblast

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8
Q

what structural feature determines morula from blastocyst

A

blastocyst undergoes cavitation to form a cavity = blastocoele

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9
Q

what is the morula

A

16 cell stage of the embryo

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10
Q

what is the cause of congenital hip dislocation

A

the acetabulum is malformed

  • can be due to genetic or mechanical problems in utero
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11
Q

fate of the neural crest?

A

cells migrate off and leave the neural tube to form elements of the nervous system that dont form the CNS, and the other random things

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12
Q

what happens to the inner cell mass

A
  • first splits into epiblast and hypoblast
  • then epiblast will splits into 3 layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
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12
Q

what lies between the allantois and the hind gut

A

urorectal septum (part of the mesoderm)

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14
Q

how many live births have a birth defect

A

1:33

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14
Q

how do the trachea, lungs, liver and pancreas initially appear

A

as endodermal out-pocketings interacting with the mesoderm

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15
Q

how many pharyngeal arches are there

A

4

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16
Q

what is amelia and meromelia

A

amelia - absent limbs

meromelia - reduced limbs

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16
Q

how is the gut tube made

A

yolk sac separates from the embryo –> due to this some of the endoderm is pinched off

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17
Q

which tissues does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to

A

urogenital system

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17
where does the heart develop from
the lateral splanchnic mesoderm
17
what causes VSD
when the intraventricular foramen is not filled by membranous part of IVS
18
what are somitomeres
swellings of the flat sheet of paraxial mesoderm lateral to the neural tube on both sides
19
components of the mesonephros
pronephric duct of the pronephros becomes the mesonephris duct with mesonephric tubules
20
what is the zygote
the single fertilized egg
20
how does the large intestine get to the right position in the body
it is pulled there by the rotation and lengethening of the small intestine
21
at what time of genstation does the mouth open to the outside
at 3 weeks --\> ectoderm meets ectoderm (still present in humans - stratified squamous of mouth to respiratory epithelium that linkes pharynx)
22
what does the rest of the epiblast (that doesnt contribute to the embyro) and all of the primitive hypoblast give rise to
extra embryonic tissue
23
what happens to the mesonephric duct
- males --\> redeployed and becomes the vas deferences - females --\> throw it away
24
which tissues does the lateral mesoderm give rise to
- ventrolateral body wall - limb skeleton - visceral pleura and peritoneum - blood vessels and blood forming tissue - heart - wall of gut and respiratory tissues
25
what does mesenchyme refer to
ells that are isolated from each other, that are freely moving, and often have CT between cells
26
associations of the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm
somatic mesoderm associated with the ectoderm splanchnic mesoderm associated with the endoderm
27
what happens to the allantois
gives rise to the bladder and urogenital tract
28
how is the penis formed
from the fusion of the urogenital folds
29
which forms first? the urinary system or the genital system
urinary system
30
what is the 1st identifiable structure that forms in the 3 layers of the epiblast
the notochord
32
what does the mesoderm give rise to
- dermis, blood, heart and BVs, kidneys and urogenital tract, gonads, most bones and muscles, and CT, walls of gut and respiratory tract (not lining), pleura, peritoneum, pericardium
33
what forms the fallopian tubes, the uterus and the upper 2/3 of the vagina in girls
the Mullerian duct
35
when does the blastocyst form
4 days
36
what is the bilaminar disc
epiblast + hypoblast
37
how does the allantois form
as a branch of the hind gut
38
failure of apoptosis of the cells between fingers can lead to
webbing or syndactyly (fused fingers)
38
what is the first sign of the appearance of the coelom
the split of the lateral mesoderm into somatic mesoderm above and splanchnic mesoderm below
39
neural crest derivatives
- dorsal root ganglia - sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia - enteric ganglia - schwann cells - melanocytes - dentine - muscle, cartilage, and bone of skull, jaws, face and pharynx - outflow tracts of the heart (bottom 3 not part of the nervous system)
40
from what layer of the epiblast is the notochord derived from
mesoderm
42
what is the most common birth defect
heart defects
42
which part of the mesoderm becomes the appendicular skeleton
lateral mesoderm
43
what initially closes the gut tube to the outside world
mouth end = stomodeum anus end = proctodeum and cloacal membrane (thin layers of ectoderm)
45
which part of the inner cell mass becomes the embryo
part of the epiblast
46
when do limbs start development
at the end of the 4th week as a little bud of mesoderm
48
which parts of the heart are developed from the neural crest
- parts of midline - major outflow vessels
50
what does the endoderm give rise to
epithelium of the gut and associated organs
51
at what time in gestation is the morula
3 days
52
names of the 3 pairs of kidneys made during development
pronephros mesonephros metanephros
53
how do the commonest congenital heart defects form
as a failure of the fusion of the chambers of the heart
55
how does the epiblast split into 3 layers
by gastrulation
57
at what stage of somitomere development does one somitomere become independent
at the 20 somitomere stage
58
explain the heart development
forms a tube bilaterally --\> bought together in the midline underneath the gut (between gut and ventral wall) --\> fuse to produce 2 chambers (1 atria and 1 ventricle) with 2 outflows and 2 inflows --\> heart then folded and fused to produce 4 chambers
59
where does the metanephros develop? and where does it migrate
at the bottom of the mesonephric duct --\> moves upwards along the mesonephric duct
61
what do the sclerotome, dermotome and myotome become
sclerotome = axial skeleton dermatome = dermis of skin myotome = back muscles and limb muscles
62
what is hypospadiasis
failure of the urogenital folds to completely fuse in males --\> leaving a urethral opening on the base of the penis
64
what happens if you remove the limb field
no development of the limb
65
when is the natural period of herniation
around week 6-8
67
what causes cleft lip and cleft palate
failure of the neural crest cells to completely migrate forwards and fuse and the midline of the face
68
components of the pronephros
neprostomes and pronephric duct
69
what do the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm become
somatic - muscle and CT splanchnic - structures associated with viscera
70
which somitomere is the first to become independent as a somite, and where anatomically is it located
somitomere 8, at the neck
71
what causes defects in the outflow tracts of the heart
failure of migration of the neural crest cells
72
which tissues does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to
- dermis of skin - axial skeleton - axial and limb muscles
73
splitting of the mesoderm..
- paraxial mesoderm - medial to the notochord - lateral mesoderm - most lateral to notochord - intermediate mesoderm - in between paraxial and lateral
74
arterial supplies of the foregut, midgut and hindgut
foregut - ciliac artery midgut - superior mesenteric artery hindgut - inferior mesenteric artery
76
what does the trophoblast form
some extraembryonic structs (part of the placenta)
77
the dermomyotome splits again into
dermatome and myotome
77
what allows the gut to undergo rotation when undergoing rapid growth
the yolk stalk
78
function of the notochord
to induce overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate (organises tissue around it)
79
what is the second most common birth defect
hypospadias (misplaced urethral opening in boys)
80
how are the finger and toe digits sculptured
apoptosis kills the cells in the bands between the presumptive fingers
81
what causes diplopodia
when the ectodermal ridge is damaged --\> loss of control of growth
82
at what time in development does the gut retract back into the body cavity
by week 9
83
what does the somites do
splits into sclerotome and dermomyotome
85
failure to retract the gut back into the body cavity is called what
omphalocele
86
migration of the hypoblast
moves circularly around the blastocoele and encompasses the yolk sac
87
at what stage in development is major organogenesis complete?
by 3 months (end of the first trimester)
88
what does the ectoderm give rise to
nervous system and epidermis
89
folding of neural plate
folds around neural groove to form the neural tube
90
what is the anatomy of the limb field
central free limb field and peripheral tissue
91
what is the neural plate
patch of endoderm that is fated to become your nervous system
92
how are the body axes determined
- AP determined by the first cleavage of the zygote - D-V determined by the position of the inner cell mass in the blastocyst - L and R set along the longitudinal axis by the signals distributed by the cilia on the primitive node that swirls current from R to L

Z MD1 GI block (18 decks)

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