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Z MD1 GI block > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

what controls limb development after the initial budding of the mesoderm

A

ectodermal ridge

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1
Q

what does thalidomide cause

A

amelia and meromelia

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1
Q

failure to retract seal the abdominal wall after retraction of the gut is called

A

umbilical hernia

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2
Q

apart from the bladder and urethra, the rest of the urogenital tract is formed from the..

A

intermediate mesoderm

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3
Q

when does the blastocyst implant into the uterine wall

A

between 5-10 days

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3
Q

what is the commonest congenital heart defect

A

ventricular septal defect

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3
Q

what causes sinus invertus

A

complete failure of the cilia of the primitive node - pure change whether organs are set properly or back to front

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4
Q

what is the neural crest

A

the cells at the point of fusion of the neural tube

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4
Q

what is the yolk stalk

A

that part of the yolk sac that is still connected to the gut lumen that persists until it is finally pinched shut

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4
Q

what happens to the urorectal septum

A

it extends towards the cloacal membrane to divide the rectum from the urogenital tract

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5
Q

order of endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm from top to bottom of the blastocoele

A

ectoderm mesoderm endoderm

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6
Q

two cell populations in the blastocyst

A

inner cell mass

trophoblast

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8
Q

what structural feature determines morula from blastocyst

A

blastocyst undergoes cavitation to form a cavity = blastocoele

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9
Q

what is the morula

A

16 cell stage of the embryo

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10
Q

what is the cause of congenital hip dislocation

A

the acetabulum is malformed

  • can be due to genetic or mechanical problems in utero
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11
Q

fate of the neural crest?

A

cells migrate off and leave the neural tube to form elements of the nervous system that dont form the CNS, and the other random things

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12
Q

what happens to the inner cell mass

A
  • first splits into epiblast and hypoblast
  • then epiblast will splits into 3 layers - ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm
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12
Q

what lies between the allantois and the hind gut

A

urorectal septum (part of the mesoderm)

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14
Q

how many live births have a birth defect

A

1:33

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14
Q

how do the trachea, lungs, liver and pancreas initially appear

A

as endodermal out-pocketings interacting with the mesoderm

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15
Q

how many pharyngeal arches are there

A

4

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16
Q

what is amelia and meromelia

A

amelia - absent limbs

meromelia - reduced limbs

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16
Q

how is the gut tube made

A

yolk sac separates from the embryo –> due to this some of the endoderm is pinched off

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17
Q

which tissues does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to

A

urogenital system

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17
Q

where does the heart develop from

A

the lateral splanchnic mesoderm

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17
Q

what causes VSD

A

when the intraventricular foramen is not filled by membranous part of IVS

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18
Q

what are somitomeres

A

swellings of the flat sheet of paraxial mesoderm lateral to the neural tube on both sides

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19
Q

components of the mesonephros

A

pronephric duct of the pronephros becomes the mesonephris duct with mesonephric tubules

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20
Q

what is the zygote

A

the single fertilized egg

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20
Q

how does the large intestine get to the right position in the body

A

it is pulled there by the rotation and lengethening of the small intestine

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21
Q

at what time of genstation does the mouth open to the outside

A

at 3 weeks –> ectoderm meets ectoderm (still present in humans - stratified squamous of mouth to respiratory epithelium that linkes pharynx)

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22
Q

what does the rest of the epiblast (that doesnt contribute to the embyro) and all of the primitive hypoblast give rise to

A

extra embryonic tissue

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23
Q

what happens to the mesonephric duct

A
  • males –> redeployed and becomes the vas deferences
  • females –> throw it away
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24
Q

which tissues does the lateral mesoderm give rise to

A
  • ventrolateral body wall
  • limb skeleton
  • visceral pleura and peritoneum
  • blood vessels and blood forming tissue
  • heart
  • wall of gut and respiratory tissues
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25
Q

what does mesenchyme refer to

A

ells that are isolated from each other, that are freely moving, and often have CT between cells

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26
Q

associations of the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm

A

somatic mesoderm associated with the ectoderm

splanchnic mesoderm associated with the endoderm

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27
Q

what happens to the allantois

A

gives rise to the bladder and urogenital tract

28
Q

how is the penis formed

A

from the fusion of the urogenital folds

29
Q

which forms first? the urinary system or the genital system

A

urinary system

30
Q

what is the 1st identifiable structure that forms in the 3 layers of the epiblast

A

the notochord

32
Q

what does the mesoderm give rise to

A
  • dermis, blood, heart and BVs, kidneys and urogenital tract, gonads, most bones and muscles, and CT, walls of gut and respiratory tract (not lining), pleura, peritoneum, pericardium
33
Q

what forms the fallopian tubes, the uterus and the upper 2/3 of the vagina in girls

A

the Mullerian duct

35
Q

when does the blastocyst form

A

4 days

36
Q

what is the bilaminar disc

A

epiblast + hypoblast

37
Q

how does the allantois form

A

as a branch of the hind gut

38
Q

failure of apoptosis of the cells between fingers can lead to

A

webbing or syndactyly (fused fingers)

38
Q

what is the first sign of the appearance of the coelom

A

the split of the lateral mesoderm into somatic mesoderm above and splanchnic mesoderm below

39
Q

neural crest derivatives

A
  • dorsal root ganglia - sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia - enteric ganglia - schwann cells - melanocytes - dentine - muscle, cartilage, and bone of skull, jaws, face and pharynx - outflow tracts of the heart (bottom 3 not part of the nervous system)
40
Q

from what layer of the epiblast is the notochord derived from

A

mesoderm

42
Q

what is the most common birth defect

A

heart defects

42
Q

which part of the mesoderm becomes the appendicular skeleton

A

lateral mesoderm

43
Q

what initially closes the gut tube to the outside world

A

mouth end = stomodeum

anus end = proctodeum and cloacal membrane (thin layers of ectoderm)

45
Q

which part of the inner cell mass becomes the embryo

A

part of the epiblast

46
Q

when do limbs start development

A

at the end of the 4th week as a little bud of mesoderm

48
Q

which parts of the heart are developed from the neural crest

A
  • parts of midline
  • major outflow vessels
50
Q

what does the endoderm give rise to

A

epithelium of the gut and associated organs

51
Q

at what time in gestation is the morula

A

3 days

52
Q

names of the 3 pairs of kidneys made during development

A

pronephros

mesonephros

metanephros

53
Q

how do the commonest congenital heart defects form

A

as a failure of the fusion of the chambers of the heart

55
Q

how does the epiblast split into 3 layers

A

by gastrulation

57
Q

at what stage of somitomere development does one somitomere become independent

A

at the 20 somitomere stage

58
Q

explain the heart development

A

forms a tube bilaterally –> bought together in the midline underneath the gut (between gut and ventral wall) –> fuse to produce 2 chambers (1 atria and 1 ventricle) with 2 outflows and 2 inflows –> heart then folded and fused to produce 4 chambers

59
Q

where does the metanephros develop? and where does it migrate

A

at the bottom of the mesonephric duct –> moves upwards along the mesonephric duct

61
Q

what do the sclerotome, dermotome and myotome become

A

sclerotome = axial skeleton

dermatome = dermis of skin

myotome = back muscles and limb muscles

62
Q

what is hypospadiasis

A

failure of the urogenital folds to completely fuse in males –> leaving a urethral opening on the base of the penis

64
Q

what happens if you remove the limb field

A

no development of the limb

65
Q

when is the natural period of herniation

A

around week 6-8

67
Q

what causes cleft lip and cleft palate

A

failure of the neural crest cells to completely migrate forwards and fuse and the midline of the face

68
Q

components of the pronephros

A

neprostomes and pronephric duct

69
Q

what do the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm become

A

somatic - muscle and CT

splanchnic - structures associated with viscera

70
Q

which somitomere is the first to become independent as a somite, and where anatomically is it located

A

somitomere 8, at the neck

71
Q

what causes defects in the outflow tracts of the heart

A

failure of migration of the neural crest cells

72
Q

which tissues does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to

A
  • dermis of skin
  • axial skeleton
  • axial and limb muscles
73
Q

splitting of the mesoderm..

A
  • paraxial mesoderm - medial to the notochord
  • lateral mesoderm - most lateral to notochord
  • intermediate mesoderm - in between paraxial and lateral
74
Q

arterial supplies of the foregut, midgut and hindgut

A

foregut - ciliac artery

midgut - superior mesenteric artery

hindgut - inferior mesenteric artery

76
Q

what does the trophoblast form

A

some extraembryonic structs (part of the placenta)

77
Q

the dermomyotome splits again into

A

dermatome and myotome

77
Q

what allows the gut to undergo rotation when undergoing rapid growth

A

the yolk stalk

78
Q

function of the notochord

A

to induce overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate (organises tissue around it)

79
Q

what is the second most common birth defect

A

hypospadias (misplaced urethral opening in boys)

80
Q

how are the finger and toe digits sculptured

A

apoptosis kills the cells in the bands between the presumptive fingers

81
Q

what causes diplopodia

A

when the ectodermal ridge is damaged –> loss of control of growth

82
Q

at what time in development does the gut retract back into the body cavity

A

by week 9

83
Q

what does the somites do

A

splits into sclerotome and dermomyotome

85
Q

failure to retract the gut back into the body cavity is called what

A

omphalocele

86
Q

migration of the hypoblast

A

moves circularly around the blastocoele and encompasses the yolk sac

87
Q

at what stage in development is major organogenesis complete?

A

by 3 months (end of the first trimester)

88
Q

what does the ectoderm give rise to

A

nervous system and epidermis

89
Q

folding of neural plate

A

folds around neural groove to form the neural tube

90
Q

what is the anatomy of the limb field

A

central free limb field and peripheral tissue

91
Q

what is the neural plate

A

patch of endoderm that is fated to become your nervous system

92
Q

how are the body axes determined

A
  • AP determined by the first cleavage of the zygote
  • D-V determined by the position of the inner cell mass in the blastocyst
  • L and R set along the longitudinal axis by the signals distributed by the cilia on the primitive node that swirls current from R to L

Z MD1 GI block (18 decks)

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