Microbiology 20 - Neonatal and Childhood infection Flashcards
What infections are currently screened for in pregnancy in the UK?
Hep B
HIV
Syphilis
What does TORCH stand for?
Toxoplasmosis
Other (syphilis, HIV, Hep B/C)
Rubella
CMV
HSV
What effect can toxoplasmosis have on the neonate?
Deafness, low IQ and microcephaly
4Cs:
chorioretinitis
cerebral calcification - tram like calcification on CT
microCephaly + hydroCephaly
convulsions ! !
Recall the symptoms of congenital rubella syndrome
Cataracts
CV syndrome
Sensorineural deafness
Brain pathology
BLUEBERRY MUFFIN RASH
Triad: Cataracts, sensorineural deafness, congenital heart defects (PDA)
What is the cause of a ‘blueberry muffin rash’ and in which infection is it seen?
Extramedullary haematopoiesis- haematopoiesis happening in the skin
*seen in TORCH infections such as rubella (and also CMV)
Recall the symptoms of congenital HSV infection
Nasty disseminated infection, causing:
- Meningoencephalitis
- Ulcers and skin problems- blistering rash
- High mortality
3 causes of early onset neonatal sepsis
Group B strep
E coli
Listeria
Which neonatal infection could be described as ‘catalase negative, beta haemolytic’?
GBS
What is the most common cause of late-onset sepsis in neonates?
Coagulase negative staph - staph epidermis
^^ this is if in NICU
If in community: still GEL
What is the first line treatment for late-onset neonatal sepsis?
Late onset in NICU:
Cefotaxime (this is brain-penetrative) and vancomycin (this is good for staph) - BUT base on trust guidelines
Late ONSET in community: Cefotaxime + amoxicillin +/- Gentamicin
^^basc for GEL organisms
Effects of listeria in pregnancy
Early: miscarriage
Late: preterm labour- mother and baby very septic
Treatment of early onset neonatal sepsis
Benzylpenicillin and gentamicin
+/- amoxicillin
Main strain of Meningitis in the UK
Men B
Most common cause of bacterial infections in neonates
meningitis
What secondary bacterial infection can follow VZV infection in neonates?
Necrotising fasciitis- caused by invasive GAS: Streptococcus pyogenes
Most common causes of death in neonates
- prematurity
- intrapartum complications
- neonatal sepsis
Most common cause of death in post-neonatal period
pneumonia
Most common bacterial cause of respiratory infections in children
Strep Pneumonia
Who tends to get mycoplasma pneumonia?
Children >4y
What is a haematological complication of mycoplasma pneumonia?
Cold autoimmune haemolysis
Pathognomonic sign of mycoplasma pneumonia
Bullous myringitis (vesicles on the tympanic membrane) - infection of the tympanic membrane
Most common cause of UTIs in children
MAIN: E Coli
Followed by other coliforms - eg klebsiella, proteus
Other: Enterococcus sp + Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (S. saprophyticus)
What is the presentation of TORCH infections in general?
Thrombocytopaenia
Other - ears, eyes etc
Rash
Cerebral abnormality eg microcephaly
hepatosplenomegaly + jaundice
**TORCH
Which organisms cause early onset and late onset neonatal sepsis?
early onset: GBS, E. coli. Listeria
Late onset: coagulase negative staph (NICU); GEL (community)
