Microbiology 1 - Hospital acquired infection

Question 1

What type of bacteria is vancomycin effective against?

Answer 1

Gram pos

Question 2

What is the pathognemonic endoscope finding for C diff infection?

Answer 2

Columns of inflammatory exudate in colon lining

Question 3

How should C diff infection be managed?

Answer 3

1. Stop antibiotics
2. Fluid + electrolyte resuscitation for patients with diarrhoea
3. ORAL vancomycin/ metronidazole to combat C. diff
   Other options (but are VERY ££££££) are fidaxomicin or bezlotoxumab OR faecal transfer

Question 4

What are the most common causative pathogens in HAP?

Answer 4

S aureus
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas
Haemophilus

Question 5

Which 3 antibiotics can predispose you to C diff infection?

Answer 5

Cephalosporin
Clindamycin
Ciprofloxacin

Question 6

Definition of HAI

Answer 6

Infection acquired >48 hours after entering hospital

Question 7

What if the most common disease caused by an HAI?

Answer 7

Hospital acquired pneumonia

Question 8

What HAIs can MRSA cause?

Answer 8

1. catheter associated UTI
2. catheter associated blood stream infection
3. surgical site infection

Question 9

What HAI can cephalosporins cause?

Answer 9

Antiiotic associated diarrhoea

Question 10

What HAI can be caused by E. Coli?

Answer 10

Ventilator associated pneuomnia

Catheter associated UTI

Question 11

What HAIs can MSSA cause?

Answer 11

1. catheter associated BSI
2. surgical site infection

Question 12

What HAIs can gram negatives cause?

Answer 12

Catheter asosictaed BSI

Surgical site infections

Question 13

What HAIs can yeasts cause?

Answer 13

Catheter associated BSI and catheter associated UTI

Question 14

What is negative and positive pressure isolation?

Answer 14

Positive pressure isolation: pressure inside the room is greater than the outside hence air can only flow outside eg during surgery

Negative pressure isolation: pressure is less inside than outside so air can only come inside; eg to prevent other peopel from getting infected by a patient in particular room

Question 15

Causes of community acquired UTIs

Answer 15

1. E Coli
2. coagulase negative staph eg staph saprophyticus
3. proteus mirabalis

Question 16

Causes of hospital acquired UTIs

Answer 16

1. e coli
2. klebsiella
3. proteus mirabalis

Question 17

What type of bacteria is c. difficile?

Answer 17

Gram pos spore-forming anaerobe

Question 18

Name the toxins produced by c. difficile

Answer 18

Toxins A and B

Question 19

What are the symptoms of C. difficile infection?

Answer 19

Diarrhoea
Colitis

Question 20

Name 2 Antibiotics that are used to treat C. difficile?

Answer 20

Metronidazole (anti-anaerobic)
Vancomycin (anti- gram positive)

Question 21

QUESTION: What 3 groups of factors influence risk for surgical site infection?

Answer 21

• Host defence, wound environment, pathogens

Question 22

What is clindamyci usually used for?

Answer 22

Often used in penicillin allergic patients with cellulitis

Question 23

How to reduce risk of MRSA

Answer 23

HAND HYGIENE

diagram:

Question 24

Which organisms can cause hospital acquired bacteraemia?

Answer 24

MRSA

Coagulase negative staph

E Coli

Question 25

what can fidaxomicin treat

Answer 25

Treats C.difficile

But can lower the recurrence in recurrent C.difficile

Not inferior to vancomycin in terms of response to treatment but expensive