Microbiology Flashcards
VP +
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Serratia
Pantoea
VP +
Motility =
Klebsiella
Indole + Klebsiella
K. oxytoca
VP +
Motility =
ALO =/+/+
LF
Klebsiella (Enterobacter) aerogenes
VP +
Motility =
ALO =/+/+
NLF
S. marcescens
Proteus vs Morganella & Providencia
Proteus H2S +
Indole + Proteus
P. vulgaris
Morganella vs Providencia
Providencia citrate +
Urea + Providencia
P. rettgeri
H2S +
Lysine =
ONPG +
Citrobacter freundii
H2S +
Lysine +
ONPG =
Salmonella enterica typhi
E. coli vs C. koseri
C. koseri citrate +
Motility =
Urea +
ONPG +
Yersinia
Motility =
Urea =
ONPG =
Shigella
dead flies on boy scouts
Shigella serotypes
A B C D
sticky NURF
Rothia
GPC in tetrads
Micrococcus
Rothia
tolerate up to 10% salt
Staphylococcus
Binds the Fc of IgG
prevents phagocytosis
Protein A
Staphylococcus
Stimulate T cells to produce a large burst of cytokines leading to an overwhelming inflammatory response
superantigens
Staphylococcus
Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL)
MRSA
Bound, also known as clumping factor
Free, secreted extracellular
coagulase
S. aureus
slide coagulase false +
S. lugdunensis
tube coagulase false +
S. intermedius
dog staph
S. intermedius
Detects (1) bound coagulase and (2) protein A
Staphaurex
fermentation of mannitol (yellow)
S. aureus
UTI staph
S. saprophyticus
bright white organism from urine
S. saprophyticus
novobiocin R
S. saprophyticus
modified oxidase
6% oxidase reagent in DMSO
Micrococcus
Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine
oxidase
cytochrome c oxidases
Micrococcus
May confuse with a yellow pigmented S. aureus, but it is a much brighter yellow.
M. luteus
Staph double zone hemolysis (possible)
S. intermedius
PYR = Staph
S. aureus
mecA
PBP2a
MRSA
erm
inducible clindamycin resistance
pseudocatalase
Enterococcus
L-pyroglutamic acid beta-naphthylamide
PYR
autolyse without CO2
S. pneumoniae
N. gonorrhoeae
pyridoxal (B6) required
Abiotrophia
only beta strep tested
Lancefield antigens - Strep latex
oxygen labile streptolysin
O
pyrogenic exotoxin
S. pyogenes
scarlet fever
M protein
S. pyogenes
bacitracin S
S. pyogenes
PYR + beta strep
S. pyogenes
Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF)
S. pyogenes sequelae
Dishwater pus and lack of active bleeding (vessels are dead)
S. pyogenes necrotizing fasciitis
screen pregnant women at 35-37 weeks
Group B Strep
carrot broth
Group B strep screening
Group B vs Listeria
Listeria:
motility +
catalase +
GPR
hippurate +
Group B strep
Listeria
butterscotch, caramel or honeysuckle odor
S. anginosus
S. intermedius
S. constellatus
BE+/6.5% salt +
ESC/PYR/LAP +/+/+
Enterococcus
bacteremia indicates colon cancer
S. gallolyticus
C. septicum
nonmotile VRE
E. faecalis
E. faecium
HLAR
Enterococcus
Amp R
E. faecium
vanA
VRE
teicoplanin R
VRE
yellow VRE
E. casseliflavus
vaxx does not work on those <2 yo
S. pneumoniae
Strep without Lancefield antigen
S. pneumoniae
Strep Viridans
optochin S
S. pneumoniae
ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride
optochin
use MIC method for Strep…
S. pneumoniae
Most cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis
Strep Viridans
satellite around S. aureus
Abiotrophia
Haemophilus
Prevotella (vitamin K)
intrinsically vanc R GPC
Leuconostoc
Pediococcus
E. casseliflavus & gallinarum
Pediococcus vs VRE
Pediococcus PYR =
GPCCL
gray
catalse =
UTI
Aerococcus urinae
test for susceptibility to vancomycin, high level gentamicin and high-level streptomycin
synergy quad
VRE
hemin
NAD
X
V
delta-aminolevulinic acid
ALA
“para”s are +
ALA + means…
makes factor X
Epiglottitis
H. influenzae
does NOT cause pharyngitis
H. influenzae
Conjunctivitis and Brazilian purpuric fever
H. aegyptius
School of fish
Railroad tracks
Fingerprint pattern
H. ducreyi
soft chancre
H. ducreyi
Requires X factor only on initial isolation
Mis-ID as H. parainfluenzae
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus
tongue piercings
Aggregatibacter aphrophilus
Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)
Neisseria
Antigenic variations in pili prevent production of a vaccine
N. gonorrhoeae
CTA glucose +
N. gonorrhoeae
Purulent or septic arthritis of joints from STI
N. gonorrhoeae
SPS is inhibitory
N. gonorrhoeae
G. vaginalis
Streptobacillus moniliformis
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
Capsule consists of sialic acid which is not immunogenic in humans
N. meningitidis serotype B
As this organism grows it releases “blebs” or pieces of its cell wall
N. meningitidis
CTA
glucose +
maltose +
N. meningitidis
meningococcemia
fulminant meningococcal shock
N. meningitidis
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Bilateral hemorrhage of the adrenal glands
N. meningitidis
recognized as human brain tissue
separate vaccine
N. meningitidis serotype B
colistin S
ng on TM
N. cinerea
CTA
glucose +
maltose +
lactose +
N. lactamica
CTA
glucose +
maltose +
sucrose +
N. mucosa
N. sicca
Can appear to be glucose positive in some rapid enzyme identification systems
N. cinerea
otitis media
beta lactamase
hockey puck
M. catarrhalis
CTA
asaccharolytic
M. catarrhalis
butyrate esterase +
M. catarrhalis
otitis media (3)
M. catarrhalis
S. pneumoniae
H. influenzae
Gram negative rods (GNR)
Oxidase negative
Glucose-fermenting
Grow on MacConkey (MAC)
Reduce nitrates to nitrites
Enterobacteriaceaea
Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia
Enterobacterales not part of NGIF
nonmotile Enterobacterales
Klebsiella spp.
Shigella spp.
pathogens on XLD and HE
Shigella
Salmonella
para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
indole reagent
para-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde
indole reagent for anaerobes
Ortho-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside
ONPG
substrate used for detecting galactosidase activity
ONPG
K1 (capsular) antigen is similar to N. meningitidis group B’s capsular antigen
E. coli
gray wet
beta
indole +
PYR =
E. coli
non-sorbitol fermenter
E. coli O157:H7
bloody currant jelly sputum
K. pneumoniae
Strings > 5mm when touched
hypervirulent K. pneumoniae
Best induced by cefoxitin, imipenem and ampicillin
AmpC
Outbreaks due to contaminated powdered infant formula
Cronobacter sakazakii
LLF
S. marcescens
C. koseri
P. agglomerans
“ases” +
S. marcescens
Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test
Screen for endotoxin using horseshoe crab hemolymph
P. agglomerans
Causes 90% of infections due to Proteus spp
P. mirabilis
swarming
Proteus
C. septicum
C. tetani
Cell fails to divide
Profusely covered with flagella
Proteus —swarming
inhibited on MAC due to bile salts
Proteus swarming
Enterobacterales
kidney stones
Proteus
Vi (virulent) capsular antigen specific for…
S. enterica typhi
gray, flat, rhizoid
spreads (not swarmer)
double zone beta
C. perfringens
Must boil organism to remove capsule and retest for the somatic serotype
Salmonella enterica
Friends, flies, fingers, food, feces
Salmonella
Shigella
hides in the gallbladder
S. enterica
safety pin - bipolar stain
Y. pestis
CIN (Cefsulodin, Irgasan, Novobiocin) agar at room temperature
Yersinia
bullseye colony
Yersinia
Raw pork products
Chitterlings
Y. enterocolitica
mimics appendicitis
infects Peyer’s patches
Y. enterocolitica
Incubate at 42°C in a microaerophilic and capnophilic atmosphere
Campy BAP
metachromatic granules
Loeffler’s medium
C. diphtheriae
Cystine-tellurite or modified Tinsdale agar
C. diphtheriae
black colony
halo
ELEK test
C. diphtheriae toxin test
non-vaccinated individuals or those who have not kept up with booster immunizations
C. diphtheriae
pseudomembrane
bull neck
C. diphtheriae
Alkaline-encrusted cystitis (AEC)
C. urealyticum
refrigerated foods
Listeria
endospores produced under aerobic conditions
Bacillus
boxy GPR
gamma, tenacious
nonmotile
ng on PEA
penicillin S
B. anthracis
eschar
B. anthracis
spontaneous tendon rupture
ciprofloxacin
Most often associated with consuming fried rice at Asian restaurants
B. cereus
green frosted glass appearance and feathery edges
motile
penicillin R
B. cereus
Blackening along the stab line
E. rhusiopathiae
culture a full thickness skin biopsy
E. rhusiopathiae
erysipeloid
E. rhusiopathiae
GPR
intrinsically vancomycin R
normal flora
Lactobacillus
mimics S. pyogenes
Delicate, curved GPR
A. haemolyticum
molar tooth
lumpy jaw
sulfur granules
A. israelii
cervicofacial actinomycosis
A. israelii
Requires two tubes of each CHO being tested
Hugh-Leifson OF (oxidation/fermentation) medium
fluorescent pigment in Pseudomonas
pyoverdin
pigment that kills mammalian and bacterial cells
pyocyanin
P. aeruginosa
alginate
capsule of mucoid P. aeruginosa
P. aeruginosa 42° (+/=)
+
lysine + nonfermenters
B. cepacia
S. maltophilia
oxidizes lactose in MAC
A. baumanii
B. cepacia
OFPBL agar
BCSA
B. cepacia
S. maltophilia vs B. cepacia
B. cepacia oxidase +
drug of choice is SXT
B. cepacia
S. maltophilia
melioidosis
B. pseudomallei
glanders
B. mallei
Oxidizes maltose rapidly and strongly
S. maltophilia
S. maltophilia vs A. baumannii
S. maltophilia
motility +
lysine +
sea water
fishlike odor
H2S +
S. putrefaciens
oxidase = nonfermenters
A. baumannii
S. maltophilia
indole + nonfermenter
Elizabethkingia meningoseptica
Vibrio not requiring salt
V. cholerae
TCBS
Vibrio
yellow —V. cholerae
eating seafood during summer months
V. parahaemolyticus
contaminated seafood
liver dysfunction
90% of Vibrio deaths in US
V. vulnificus
leech gut
diarrhea mimics cholera
A. hydrophila
leading cause of diarrhea worldwide
zoonotic
C. jejuni
Most often recognized infection preceding the development of Guillain-Barré disease
C. jejuni
ammonia cloud
urea +
gull wings
H. pylori
CLO test
H. pylori
13C-labeled urea in water
H. pylori
cat +
weakly ox +
indole +
penicillin S
P. multocida
Warthin-Starry silver stain
L. pneumophila
BCYE
L. pneumophila
F. tularensis
Pontiac fever
L. pneumophila
HACEK
endocarditis
Haemophilus
Aggregatibacter
Cardiobacterium
Eikenella
Kingella
lemon yellow
bleach odor
pitting
E. corrodens
human bite infections
E. corrodens
Media requires addition of charcoal or 15-25% blood
B. pertussis
toxin paralyzes cilia
B. pertussis
staccato cough
lymphocytosis
whooping cough
Bordet-Gengou
Reagan-Lowe
B. pertussis
kennel cough
Bordetella bronchiseptica
4-to-6-pointed star appearance in center of colony
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Rod may be teardrop, dumbbell or lollipop shaped
Cardiobacterium hominis
joint and bone infections in young children
K. kingae
GN fusiform rod
dogs
Capnocytophagia
Long thin filaments with swellings along the organism
rodents
Streptobacillus moniliformis
rat bite fever
Streptobacillus moniliformis
most frequent organism in lab acquired infections
Brucella
undulant fever
Brucella
blood or bone marrow
Cateñeda bottle
Brucella
will grow on BCYE and TM
F. tularensis
unique black/purple colony on BAP
almond smell
Chromobacterium violaceum
Cannot grow in culture
Cannot be visualized on bright-field microscope with gram stain
See with phase contrast or dark-field microscopy
T. pallidum
relapsing fever
Borrelia recurrentis
does not gram stain
Dx with Wright/Giemsa
Borrelia
Lyme
Borrelia burgdorferi
cat scratch disease
Bartonella henselae
acridine orange dye
Bartonella henselae
4 major antibiotic targets
Cell wall synthesis
Protein synthesis
DNA replication and repair
Folate coenzyme biosynthesis
Naturally produced by Chromobacterium violaceum
aztreonam (monobactam)
Broad spectrum against anaerobes
metronidazole
resistance mechanism
susceptible to cephamycins, carbapenems
ESBL
resistance mechanism
susceptible to aztreonam
metallo BL
resistance mechanism
susceptible to carbapenems
ampC
inhibited by clavulinic acid
ESBL
KPC
resistance mechanism inhibited by EDTA
metallo BL
KB McFarland standard
0.5
epsilometer
E test
MIC method
cephalosporin in a disc to test for B-lactamase
nitrocefin
oxacillin used to screen for pen resistance
S. pneumoniae
Turns from white (reduced) to pink (with oxygen)
resazurin
no WBCs on gram stain
destroyed by a toxin
C. perfringens
palladium chloride, L-cysteine HCL and dithiothreitol
reducible agars
BBE
B. fragilis
Hydrolyzes esculin so area around colonies turn black
differentiate facultative anaerobes from obligate and aerotolerant anaerobes and microaerophilic organisms
aerotolerance
black on LKV
Prevotella
Porphyromonas
brick red fluorescence
Prevotella
Porphyromonas
chartreuse fluorescence
Fusobacterium
C. difficile
kanamycin R
colistin R
vancomycin R
B. fragilis
stimulated by 20% bile
Bacteroides fragilis
Fusobacterium mortiferum
myonecrosis requiring radical amputation
C. perfringens
spreading
double zone beta
C. perfringens
swarming
beta
C. tetani
pseudomembranous colitis
C. difficile
swarming
medusa head
C. septicum
fatal infections after medical abortion
C. sordellii + C. perfringens
cystic acne
Cutibacterium acnes
dog bone GPR
Bifidobacterium
Vincent’s angina (trench mouth)
Lemierre’s disease
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Rancid butter odor due to production of butyric acid
Fusobacterium
GNC in clusters
periodontal infection
Veillonella parvula
Single most pathogenic anaerobic GPC
Finegoldia magna
Sweet odor due to production of isocaproic acid
Susceptible to SPS (≥ 12 mm)
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
trachoma
chronic C. trachomatis eye infection
nongonococcal urethritis
C. trachomatis
Collect infected epithelial cells from genitourinary tract, urethra, or conjunctiva
C. trachomatis
intracellular
poultry workers
Chlamydophila psittaci
intrinsically resistant to B-lactams because they lack its target
Mycoplasma
Ureaplasma
walking pneumonia
M. pneumoniae
Media contains beef/soybean protein (sterols)
SP4, Shepard 10B broth or 2SP
Mycoplasma
Ureaplasma
bird’s nest
Ureaplasma urealyticum
fried egg
arginine +
Mycoplasma hominis
STI associatd with HIV
Mycoplasma genitalum
RMSF
R. rickettsii
centripedal rash
RMSF
morulae in WBCs
Ehrlichia
Anaplasma
Q/query fever
Coxiella burnetii
