Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

soluble antigen + antibody
crosslinking causes positive

A

precipitation assay

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2
Q

insoluble antigen + antibody
clumping causes positive

A

agglutination assay

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3
Q

2 types of agglutination assay

A
  • direct: antigen is insoluble
  • indirect: soluble antigen is attached to a particle, like a latex bead
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4
Q

explain double diffusion method

A

AKA immunodiffusion
antigen and antibody migrate toward one another in gel

lines meet perfectly: identity, +
one line is longer: partial identity, =
lines cross: nonidentity, =

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5
Q

prozone

A

antibody excess
false =

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6
Q

postzone

A

antigen excess
false =

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7
Q

positive vs negative on complement fixation assay

A

positive: no hemolysis; C’ is bound to patient’s Ag-Ab complexes
negative: hemolysis; C’ is not bound

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8
Q

IgM anti-IgG

A

rheumatoid factor

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9
Q

disguises an IgG as an IgM

A

rheumatoid factor

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10
Q

high RF titer

A

SLE
RA

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11
Q

low RF titer

A

syphilis
hepatitis
elderly

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12
Q

explain nephelometry

A

precipitation test read by spectrophotometer

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13
Q

4 stages of syphilis

A

primary: lesion
secondary: rash
latent: no sx
tertiary: systemic involement; neurosyphilis

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14
Q

nontreponemal tests
detect what?

A

RPR & VDRL
screening
detects anti-cardiolipin reagin Ab

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15
Q

treponemal tests

A

IFA, TPA
confirmatory
organism is the Ag

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16
Q

flocculation test

A

RPR

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17
Q

anti-cardiolipin

A

positive in syphilis patients

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18
Q

when are RPR and VDRL positive?

A

1° and 2°syphilis

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19
Q

when are treponemal tests positive?

A

any stage of syphilis

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20
Q

looks for neurosyphilis in the secondary stage
done on CSF

A

VDRL

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21
Q

false + RPR test

A

malaria
mono
SLE
other autoimmune

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22
Q

cells used to test for anti-I/i

A

adult and cord O cells, washed and kept warm

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23
Q

neutralization test that may help dx Strep group A or sequelae

A

ASO
(streptolysin O)

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24
Q

Coomassie stain

A

CSF protein electrophoresis

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25
prealbumin band
shows up in CSF
26
CSF index & normal
index = (CSF IgG/CSF alb)/(serum IgG/serum alb) normal — <0.66
27
elevated CSF index
MS syphilis, other diseases causing CNS IgG production
28
uses specific anti-sera to ID monoclonal & BJ proteins
immunofixation
29
Hep2
ANA substrate
30
ANA homogeneous pattern
SLE reflex to nDNA
31
nDNA + organism
Crithidia lucillae kinetoplast fluorescence SLE
32
anti-ssDNA +
drug-induced lupus
33
ANA rim pattern
SLE
34
ANA speckled pattern
reflex to ENA
35
ENA Smith +
SLE
36
ENA RNP +
SLE, MCTD
37
ENA SSA/SSB +
Sjogren's syndrome
38
ANA centromere pattern
CREST syndrome
39
ANA nucleolar pattern
PSS or SLE
40
MSK renal tubules & parietal cells
AMA primary biliary cirrhosis
41
MSK stomach muscle & blood vessel walls
ASMA chronic active hepatitis
42
MSK Parietal cells
APCA pernicious anemia
43
C-ANCA and P-ANCA
Wegener's granulomatosis systemic vasculitis
44
ACh receptor antibody
myasthenia gravis
45
thyroglobulin Ab
Hashimoto's
46
purpose of direct IFA
look for immune complexes in patient tissue
47
HBV decreased infectious state
HBeAb +
48
RIBA method
HCV IgG
49
used most frequently to screen for HIV
HIV1/2Ab + p24 Ag test
50
2/3 antigens that need to be + on Western blot for HIV confirmation
p24 gp41 gp120/160
51
earliest HIV marker
HIV p24 test
52
used to monitor HIV patients
- HIV RNA - viral load - HIV genotyping - mutations - CD4/CD8 ratio
52
CD4 count indicating AIDS
<400
53
HAART
highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV
54
low MW particle requiring a carrier for immunogenicity
hapten
55
most reliable test for Lyme
Western blot
56
first Ab on surface of new B-cells
IgD
57
CD38
plasma cell marker
58
causes class switching
CD40 (B) + CD40 ligand (T)
59
need presentation on MHC II
CD4
60
need presentation on MHC I
CD8
61
deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor
hereditary angioedema (HANE)
62
measures complement activity, not concentration
CH50 test
63
C' proteins are -------- labile
heat freeze serum immediately for C' testing
64
IgE hypersensitivity allergies histamine
type I
65
complement hypersensitivity transfusion rxn
type II
66
ag-ab complex hypersensitivity Arthus rxn
Type III
67
delayed hypersensitivity T-cell mediated
type IV
68
IgG deficiency no mature B-cells
Bruton's agammaglobulinemia
69
no/few T-cells due to failure of thymus to develop
DiGeorge syndrome
70
low IgM males thrombocytopenia, small plts
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
71
low level of lysosomal enzymes partial albinism giant cytoplasmic inclusions
Chediak-Higashi
72
G6PD deficiency MPO and ALP ↓ in neutrophils
chronic granulomatous disease