Hematology Flashcards
1
Q
MCH =
A
10(hgb/rbc)
2
Q
MCHC =
A
100(hgb/hct)
3
Q
MCV =
A
10(hct/rbc)
4
Q
normal wbc
A
5-10 x 10^3
5
Q
normal rbc
A
male: 4-5 x 10^6
female: 3-4 x 10^6
6
Q
normal hgb
A
male: 13.5 - 17.5 g/dL
female: 12 - 15.5 g/dL
7
Q
normal hct
A
male: 40-55%
female: 36-48%
8
Q
normal MCV
A
80-100
9
Q
normal MCH
A
27-31
10
Q
normal MCHC
A
32-36%
>= 40% is impossible
11
Q
normal rdw
A
11-15%
12
Q
normal plt
A
150-400 x 10^3
13
Q
falsely increased hgb
A
turbidity in channel
↑↑ wbc
icterus
lipemia
14
Q
effects of ↑↑ lymphs on indices
A
falsely ↑ rbc and therefore hct, MCV, RDW
15
Q
iron profile in IDA
A
↓ ferritin
↓ serum FE
↓ % saturation
↑ transferrin
↑ TIBC
16
Q
↑ rbc + ↓ H&H
A
sign of thalassemia
17
Q
MCV in the 50s/60s
A
sign of thalassemia
18
Q
3 reasons for target cells
A
thalassemia
hemoglobinopathy
liver disease
19
Q
many targets
poik
↓↓ hgb A
↑ hgb F, A2
↓↓ H&H
A
Beta thal major
20
Q
few targets
slightly ↓ hgb A
↑ hgb A2
↓ or N H&H
A
Beta thal minor
21
Q
anemia prevalent in Mediterranean pop
A
thalassemia
22
Q
— genes control beta chain genes
— genes control alpha chain genes
A
2
4
23
Q
no alpha chains
Hgb Barts
A
hydrops fetalis
24
Q
4 𝛄 chains hook together
A
hgb Bart
25
4 𝛅 chains hook together
hgb H
26
alpha + delta chains
hgb A2
27
alpha + gamma chains
hgb F
28
globin precipitates associated with hgb H
Heinz bodies
29
A2 cannot help to compensate in -------- thal
beta/delta
30
beta + delta fusion gene
Hgb Lepore
31
↑ retics
RPI >3
schistocytes
↓ H&H
hemolytic anemia
32
hemolytic anemia chemistry results
hemolysis
hemoglobinuria
↑ bilirubin
↑ LDH
↓ haptoglobin
↑ urobilinogen
33
sodium dithionite
sodium metabisulfite
sickle solubility reagents
34
alkaline hgb electrophoresis pattern
+
A
F
S D G L
C E O A2
=
35
acid hgb electrophoresis pattern
+
C
S
A
F
=
36
Cooley's anemia
Beta thal major
37
Ab causing pernicious anemia
anti-IF
anti-parietal cell
38
Schilling's test
for missing intrinsic factor
39
CNS sx only occur in ------- deficiency as a cause of anemia
B12
(not folate)
40
Dx hereditary spherocytosis
osmotic fragility ↑
41
defect in this membrane protein responsible for hereditary spherocytosis, ovalocytosis, etc
spectrin
42
tx for hereditary spherocytosis
splenectomy
cells are lysing mainly in the splenic environment
43
in EBV, we see ------- cells as reactive/atypical on the smear
T-cells
responding to the infection of B-cells
44
detects heterophile antibody
rapid monotest
45
rapid mono = reflex
EBV serology
46
lymphocytosis + smudge cells
CLL
47
CLL is usually a ----- cell leukemia
B
48
CD19
CD20
CD21
CD5
CLL
B-cell leukemia; CD5 indicates malignancy
49
complications of CLL
infections
hypogammaglobulinemia
AIHA
blast crisis → ALL or AML
50
ZAP70
poor prognosis
51
TRAP stain
Hairy cell lymphoma
52
dry tap
myelofibrosis
hairy cell
53
CD11c
CD103
hairy cell
54
starry sky, vacuolated lymphs
endemic in Africa
jaw masses
Burkitt's lymphoma
55
CD10 in ALL
CALLA
good prognosis
56
only seen in myeloid leukemia
auer rods
57
leukoerythroblastosis
CML
myelofibrosis
58
Philadelphia chromosome
CML
59
t9;22
CML
(Philadelpha - BCR/ABL)
60
LAP stain
↑ in infection
↓ in CML
normal in myelofibrosis
61
left shift
no ↑ in eos and basos
hypocellular BM
EMH
myelofibrosis
62
reticulin stain
myelofibrosis
63
↑ promyelocytes
double nuclei in pros
APML
64
bundles of auer rods
APML
65
t15;17
RARA
APML
66
emergent situation due to potential for DIC
treat with retinoic acid
APML
67
childhood leukemia
ALL
68
TdT +
population of young lymphs; lymphocytic leukemia
69
PAS +
T-cells & young erythroids
70
monitor ALL children for...
involvement of CNS
71
CD45
pan-leukocyte marker
72
CD34
blast marker
73
MCHC >40%
↑ MCV
↓ rbc
accurate hgb
cold agglutinin
74
causes anti-i cold agglutinin
EBV
75
causes anti-I cold agglutinin
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
76
MPNs
- CML
- polycythemia vera
- essential thrombocytosis
- myelofibrosis
77
JAK2
↓ EPO
PV
78
hypoxia
↑ EPO
secondary polycythemia
79
↓ plasma volume
↑ hct
relative polycythemia
80
both an MDS and an MPN
CMML
81
pancytopenia
hypercellular BM
myelodysplastic syndromes
82
↑ lysozyme
tissue/gum involvement
CMML
83
microcytic anemias
- IDA
- ACD
- thalassemia
- sideroblastic
84
lead poisoning or porphyria cause ---------- anemia
sideroblastic
85
normocytic anemias
hemolytic
aplastic
86
mechanical hemolytic anemia as RBCs pass through small clots
DIC
HUS
TTP
87
macrocytic anemias
pernicious
folic acid def
myelodysplasia
liver disease/alcoholism
aplastic (some)
88
mechanisms of ACD
- increased hepcidin blocks release of Fe
- cytokines inhibit EPO
- cytokines inhibit erythropoiesis
- shortened RBC survival (overactive macros)
89
age 20-50
hemolytic anemia
renal dysfunction
thrombocytopenia
severe CNS sx
fever
TTP
90
age <5
hemolytic anemia
acute renal failure
thrombocytopenia
mild CNS sx
HUS
91
generates ATP
EM pathway
92
protects rbc from oxidative damage by glutathione reduction and NADPH production
hexose monophosphate pathway
(PPP)
93
keeps Fe in 2+ (ferrous) state
methemoglobin reductase pathway
94
methemoglobin
has Fe3+ (ferric)
95
generates 2,3-DPG
Rapoport-Luebering shunt
96
replaces O2 when hgb releases it
2,3-DPG
97
O2 curve shift to the left
LUNG environment
↑ pH
↓ pCO2
↓ 2,3-DPG
increased affinity for O2
98
O2 curve shift to the right
MUSCLE environment
↓ pH
↑ pCO2
↑ 2,3-DPG
decreased affinity for O2
99
del(5q)
good prognosis for MDS
